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Nosocomial Urinary Infections at the Urogoly Unit of the National University Hospital (Yalgado Ouedraogo), Ouagadougou: Feb.-Sept. 2012

I Sanou, A Kabore, E Tapsoba, I Bicaba, A Ba, B Zango

 

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors and the microorganisms susceptibilities of nosocomial urinary infections at the urology unit of the national university hospital of Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso.
Method: From February to September 2012, two bacteriological analyzes have been performed for any of the 75 inpatients in the urology unit of the national university hospital of Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso.
Results: During the study period, 43 cases of nosocomial urinary infection were identified (57.3%) and we found no statistically significant associated risk factors with age groups, sex, arterial blood pressure, kidney illness and urinary obstructive pathologies.
The most frequently isolated bacteria were Escherichia coli (30.9%),  Klebsiella spp (26.9%) and Staphylococcus spp (15.4%). The yeasts strains were very sensitive to antifungal but the bacteria susceptibility rate to antibiotics was very variable. Thus, the cocci were rather sensitive to  association clavulanic acid + amoxicilline and ceftriaxone and enough
sensitive to gentamicine ; the bacilli were enough sensitive to gentamicin and very sensitive to imipenem.
Conclusion: From the antibiogram results, we recommend gentamicin in combination with penicillin or metronidazole as the first antibiotics to be used in the treatment of nosocomial urinary tract infections.

Keywords: urinary infection, nosocomial infection, bacteria, antibiotics

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Nosocomial Urinary Infections at the Urogoly Unit of the National University Hospital Yalgado Ouedraogo Ouagadougou Feb Sept 2012

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Urinary Tract Infections amongst Pregnant Women Attending A Medical Centre IN Kaduna, Nigeria

M Muhammed

 

Abstract

Urinary tract infection (UTI) constitutes a major health problem in pregnant women due to their relatively short urethra, which promotes the ascending of the pathogens to the bladder, urethra and the kidneys. It is also more common in pregnant women due to the anatomical and physiological changes that occur during pregnancy.
Aim: To determine the incidence of Urinary Tract Infections and the antimicrobial susceptibility of the microbial isolates from the urine samples of pregnant women prior to treatment.
Methods: Fifty (50) mid stream urine (MSU) samples were collected and analyzed using standard Microbiological Techniques, and the antimicrobial sensitivity tests determined using Kirby Bauer disc diffusion techniques.
Results: Of the 50 urine samples obtained from pregnant women, 3 different microbes were isolated indicating 28%. Staphylococcus aureus18%, Escherichia coli 8%, Candida albicans 4%; and a 2% co-infection of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus. Staphylococcus aureusand Escherichia coli were highly sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin (Cilox), Paflacin and
Cephalosporine.
Conclusion: Undetected and untreated urinary tract infection in pregnancy leads to discomfort associated with abdominal pains, itching, vaginal discharge and dysuria which may lead to more serious medical  complications.

Keywords: Microbial isolates; pregnant women; anti-microbial  susceptibility; microbiological techniques; Disc diffusion.

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Urinary Tract Infections amongst Pregnant Women Attending A Medical Centre IN Kaduna Nigeria

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Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Urinary Pathogens Isolated from Two Tertiary Hospitals in Southwestern Nigeria

NS Ochada, IA Nasiru, Y Thairu, MB Okanlowan, YO Abdulakeem

 

Abstract

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is among the most common reasons for patients to seek health assistance that is commonly  encountered in office practices. This is also a leading cause of Gram negative sepsis in hospitalized patients.
Objectives: This study was carried out in order to isolate, characterize and identify the pathogens associated with UTI in two teaching hospitals at Osun state, Nigeria and to determine their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns.
Methods: This was a prospective observational study involving standard microbiological procedures for analysing urine samples of inpatient and outpatient cases of UTI. Identification of these pathogens was performed using Microbact/API identification system.
Results: Out of the 300 urine samples cultured, 88 (29.3%) yielded  significant growth of urinary pathogens while 212 (70.7%) yielded either insignificant growth or no growth of any urinary pathogen. Escherichia coli 19 (21.6%) were the commonest pathogen isolated followed by Klebsiella pneumonia 14 (15.9%), Staphylococcus aureus 12(13.6%), Candida albicans 12(13.6%), Pseudomonas aerugenosa 9 (10.2%), Klebsiella oxytoca 8 (9.1%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus 6 (6.8%), Serratia  rubidaea 3 (3.4%), Enterobacter agglomerans 2 (2.3%), Acinetobacter iwoffii 1 (1.1%), Acinetobacter baumannii 1 (1.1%), Providencia retgerri 1 (1.1%). The susceptibility of Gram negative bacteria (GNB) were mainly toward parenteral antibiotic rather than oral one, while most of the common  antibiotic showed a resistant pattern. UTI was more prevalent among  patients within hospital setting 71(80.7%) than out-patients 17(19.3%).
Conclusion: This study justifies the necessity to treat patients with UTI based on antimicrobial susceptibility test result in order to prevent   evolution of resistant pathogens. Since UTI has large impact on the socio-economy and emergence of bacterial resistance, periodic surveillance of antibiotic susceptibility is strongly recommended.

Keywords: Microbact; antimicrobial resistance; UTI and Osobgo.

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Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Urinary Pathogens Isolated from Two Tertiary Hospitals in Southwestern Nigeria

 

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Profile of Infections in Intensive Care Unit (Icu) in a Central Nigeria Tertiary Hospital

KC Iregbu, SA Sonibare

 

Abstract

Background: Intensive Care Units (ICUs) accommodate the most seriously ill patients in a relatively confined environment. Increased duration of stay, increased number of indwelling and invasive devices and prolonged or inappropriate use of antibiotics are common features of ICUs, with consequent or associated increase in selection of multi-resistant  pathogens, morbidity and mortality.
Objectives: To determine the identity and antimicrobial resistance pattern of organisms commonly associated with infections in the ICU of the hospital.
Method: A retrospective study of Intensive Care Units (ICU) infections in NHA over a three-year period January 1st, 2010 to December 31st, 2012 was conducted through review and analysis of laboratory data.
Results: Data for 79 specimens were fully analysed; 35(44%) from urine, 17 (22%) from blood, 6 (8%) from tracheal specimens and 8 (10%) from wound. Forty-one (52%)of the specimens yielded growth;16 (20%) from urine, 8 (10%) from wound, 6 (8%) from tracheal specimens,3(4%) from blood and others 8(10%). 14(34%) out of the 41 isolates were Escherichia coli, 8 (20%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 6 (15%) were Staphylococcus aureus and 6 (15%) Klebsiella pneumoniae. Three (4%) of the specimens
yielded mixed growths while another 3 (4%) yielded Candida species. Sensitivity of E. coli to third generation cephalosporins ranged from 62-72%and 90% to imipenem. For Klebsiella pneumoniae it was 67-75% to third generation cephalosporins and 100% to imipenem. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 71% and 83% sensitive to ceftazidime and imipenem respectively. Staphylococcus aureus was 67% and 83% sensitive to amoxicillin-clavulanate and imipenem respectively. Susceptibility of all
these isolates to fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides remained poor.
Conclusion: The isolates from the ICU were same as common in clinical specimens. There was wide variability in resistance with a tendency to increase over time. This trend needs to be monitored while antibiotic stewardship should be emphasised.

Key words: Intensive care units (ICU), nosocomial Infections, antibiotic susceptibility.

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Profile of Infections in Intensive Care Unit (Icu) in a Central Nigeria Tertiary Hospital

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Occurrence of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing Enterobacteriaceae Isolates in Communal Water Sources in Ogun State, Nigeria

BT Odumosu, AR Akintimehin

 

Abstract

The role of Enterobacteriaceae in dissemination and reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes in outbreaks of disease and infections are pressing public health concern. This study is aimed at investigating the antibiotic resistance patterns and ESBL production in water-borne Enterobacteriaceae recovered from some selected drinking water sources among 6 towns in
Ogun State (Nigeria). Sixty water samples were collected from boreholes and well waters sources, of these samples 68 Enterobacteriaceaeincluding Enterobacter spp, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp, Salmonella spp, Citrobacter freundii, Serratia spp were recovered and identified presumptively using standard microbiological and biochemical methods. The susceptibilities of the isolates to nine antibiotics were carried out by disk diffusion method and determination of ESBL production was by double-disk synergy method. Of the 68 isolated strains tested, 1 (1.47%) was susceptible to all the
antibiotics, 98.5% of the isolates were resistant to . 1 antibiotics and 75% were found to be resistant to . 2 classes of antibiotics. Incidence of water-borne ESBL-producing enteric in this study was 7.14%. The increasing unabated spread of Enterobacteriaceae in public water supply harboring resistance genes portends a high risk for communal outbreaks. This necessitates an urgent precautionary and antibiotics surveillance measures in Nigeria.

Keywords: Enterobacteriaceae, antibiotic resistance, ESBL

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Occurrence of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing Enterobacteriaceae Isolates in Communal Water Sources in Ogun State, Nigeria

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections in a Tertiary Hospital in Nigeria

KC Iregbu, SO Eze

 

Abstract

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a known opportunistic pathogen frequently causing serious infections. It exhibits innate resistance to a wide range of antibiotics thus causing high rates of morbidity and mortality worldwide.
Objective: This study was done to determine the distribution and the antibiotic susceptibility pattern in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in NHA.
Method: Laboratory data on 265 Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from a total of 30,384 clinical specimens processed over a 3 year period (January 1st 2010 to December 31st 2012) were analyzed.
Results: A total 30,384 samples were submitted for bacteriologic analysis, 265 (1%) yielded Pseudomonas aeruginosa of which 195 (74%) were from in-patient sand 70 (26%) fromout-patients.185 (70%) isolates were from adults while 80 (30%) were from children. 87% of the isolates were susceptible to imipenem, 77% to amikacin, while 34% were resistant to ciprofloxacin and 46% resistant to ceftazidime.
Conclusion: The relatively high proportion of resistance to ciprofloxacin and ceftazidime, and the emerging resistance to amikacin and imipenem are worrisome and calls for rational antibiotic use and institution of effective resistance surveillance and infection control measures.

Keywords: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, National Hospital Abuja, Susceptibility

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections in a Tertiary Hospital in Nigeria

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Seroprevalence of Cytomegalovirus Infection amongst Pregnant Women in Kaduna State, Nigeria

M Yeroh, M Aminu, BOP Musa

 

Abstract

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a major public health problem throughout the world. It is the leading cause of congenital infections leading to neurological disabilities in children that result to severe sequelae such as sensor neural hearing loss, neuro-developmental delay and blindness. This study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of human cytomegalovirus among pregnant women in Kaduna State, Nigeria. Three hundred and sixty three (363) blood samples were collected from 330 pregnant women attending antenatal clinics and 33 non pregnant women attending the Outpatient Department in three selected General Hospitals in Kaduna State. Serum obtained from the blood samples were examined
for the presence of CMV IgG antibodies by IFA method. About 94.8% of pregnant women tested positive to CMV IgG antibodies while all (100%) of the non pregnant women tested positive. There was no statistically significant association between CMV and pregnancy (÷2=1.784, df=2, p=0.182). Infection with CMV was strongly associated with zone location
(÷2=15.381, df,=2, p=0.000) and employment status of the women (÷2=5.519, df=1, p=0.018). There was no significant association between CMV infection and age, gravida, gestation age, education, number of marriages and history of previous transfusion. The high prevalence of CMV infection observed in this study indicates that the virus is prevalent in
the study area and it is therefore advisable that routine screening of CMV infection be implemented for all antenatal women in the State.

Keywords: Seroprevalence, Cytomegalovirus, IgG, Pregnant women, Kaduna, Nigeria

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Seroprevalence of Cytomegalovirus Infection amongst Pregnant Women in Kaduna State, Nigeria

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Prevalence of Intestinal Protozoan Parasites Infection among Primary School Pupils in Bosso Local Government Area, Niger State, Nigeria

Y Mohammed, M Aliyu, NT Dabo, NU Adabara, B Otone, AO Ige

 

Abstract

The study was carried out to determine the prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia among primary school pupils in four communities of Bosso Local Government Area in Niger State, Nigeria. Stool samples from 250 pupils were collected and examined for Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia using formol ether concentration technique. Out of the 250 samples analyzed, 115 (46%) for either Entamoeba histolytica or Giardia lamblia or both. Ninety (36.0%) subjects were positive for Giardia lamblia while 46 (18.4%) subjects had Entamoeba histolytica. Single species infection was seen in 78 (67.8%) of the infected pupils whereas 47 (40.9%) were infected with both parasites. The age group (9-10) years had the highest rates of infection of 14 (21.5%) and 37 (56.9%) for G. Lamblia and E. histolyticarespectively. Males had the highest rate of infection (53.5%) compared to the females with (46.3%). Poverty, ignorance and poor environmental sanitation were factors found to be associated with the high prevalence rates recorded.

Keywords: Protozoan, Parasites, Infections, Pupils, Bosso, Niger State, Nigeria.

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Prevalence of Intestinal Protozoan Parasites Infection among Primary School Pupils in Bosso Local Government Area, Niger State, Nigeria