ARTICLES

An outbreak of infectious bursal disease (IBD) occurred in a flock of 11-week old crossbreeds of Harco cocks and indigenous Nigerian hens (referred to as exotic and locals respectively in the text). Clinical signs observed include depression, anorexia, ruffled feathers and diarrhoea. Haemorrhages were present in the bursa of Fabricius, muscles and proventriculus-gizzard junction, while the bursae and kidneys were enlarged. Oedema, lymphocytic depletion and presence of remnants of dead lymphocytes were observed in histopathological sections of the bursae and spleen. IBD viral antigen was detected by the agar gel preciptin test (AGPT) in suspensions of the bursae of dead birds. Sera obtained from survivors were also positive for IBD virus precipitins in the AGPT. These observations appear to be the first description of IBD in crossbreed chickens in Nigeria and confirm that they are susceptible to clinical IBD.

(Af. J. of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology: 2002 3(2): 91-94)

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THE PATHOLOGY OF INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE IN CROSSBREEDS OF HARCO COCKS AND INDIGENOUS NIGERIAN HENSTHE PATHOLOGY OF INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE IN CROSSBREEDS OF HARCO COCKS (1)

Four groups of ten-day-old broilers each were vaccinated at 7 and 14 days post hatch (PH) against infectious bursal disease IBD, using the local IBD vaccine (VOM & Nigeria). The vaccine was administered using different routes; intramuscular, subcutaneous and oral. 10- day old broiler was randomly sampled from a group of 40 for the presence of IBD antibodies using qualitative and quantitative agar gel precipitation test (AGPT). The maternal antibodies in the chicks were variable, low and waned completely 12 days post hatch {PH). The group that received subcutaneous route of vaccination (sc/sc) gave consistently higher antibody titers than the oral and intramuscular route in post vaccination days. All the groups including the unvaccinated control were challenged 16 days post vaccination with a field strain. All the routes were appreciably protective (90%) against the field strain with the unvaccinated control group recording 30% mortality. However, subcutaneous route had a complete protection (100%). The gross and microscopic lesions seen in the study were consistent with IBDV. This study has shown that the maternal antibodies in the broiler chicks were low, variable and waned completely by 12 days post hatch. The subcutaneous route of vaccination achieved better response and protection when given at day 7 and day 14-post hatch.

(Af. J. of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology: 2002 3(2): 95-97)

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IMMUNE RESPONSE OF BROILER CHICKS TO LOCAL IBD VACCINE USING DIFFERENT ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION

A parasitological survey was conducted among 1080 dry season farmers and controls spread over nine farming locations in the Jos and Barkin-Ladi areas of Plateau State, Nigeria, to provide data or parasitic infections in the area due to waste utilization. Standard laboratory procedures were adopted in the collection, processing and parasite identification in the stool samples. The rates of parasites infections in the farmers were 91.6% for helminthes and 86.4% for protozoa. Helminth infection rates but not those of protozoa, varied significantly between farmers and controls. Average infection rates were. Ancylostoma duodenale 91.9%. Ascaris lumbricoides 84.7%, Trichuris trichiura 74.2%, Strongyloides stercoralis 50.3%, Giardia lamblia 13.3%, Entamoeba coli 28.4%, Chilomastix mesnili 15.4%, Endolimax nana 17.3%, Isospora belli 6.3% and Lodoamoeba butshkii 11.5%.

More males than females were infected. The rates of infection varied among farmers in the different locations, but younger farmers had higher prevalences. Significant correlations between infections and their symptoms were observed with diarrhoea and abdominal pains being most common.

(Af. J. of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology: 2002 3(2): 104-110)

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PARASITIC INFECTIONS OF DRY SEASON FARMERS IN SOME PARTS OF PLATEAU STATE(1)

 

Campylobacter coli were characterized using sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The isolates were obtained from the faeces of diarrhoeic children with the age range of 0 t 36 months attending paediatric clinic at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH) and Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex (OAUTHC), Ile-Ife, Nigeria. The 16 isolates studied were characterized into seven protein profiles based on their outer membrane proteins (OMPs). The glagella antigens of C. coli had the molecular weights of 24kDa and 84 kDa.

The SDS-PAGE proves a reliable and rapid technique for typing strains from sporadic cases.

(Af. J. of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology: 2002 3(1): 1-2)

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Sodium Dedecyl Suphate Polyacrilamide Gel Electrophosis of Campylobacte

In an attempt to study the microbiology of discharging ears, ear swabs were taken from 347 adult patient with discharging ears in the University College Hospital, Ibadan between March 1995 and February 1997. The presumptive diagnosis and indication for ear swabbing were chronic suppurative otitis media (67.1%), acute suppurative otitis media (14.4%) and otitis externa (18.2%). Using standard microbiological methods, 82.4% of the patients had microbes in their ears. These were identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (34.6%), Staphylococcus aerus (19.4%), Klebsiella species (17.4%) and Proteus species (12.5%). Others were Candida albicans and Aspergillus species.
Susceptibility result showed that ceftazidime, azithromycin, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime and gentimicin were active against majority of the bacterial isolates and are therefore recommended as first line drugs, while the quinolones should be kept as reserve durgs in the management of these conditions. In addition antifungal cream should be used as wick in dressing, as well as systemic metrondazole to take care of the anaerobes.(Af. J. of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology: 2002 3(1): 3-5)

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The Discharging Ears In Adults In Ibadan, Nigeria Causative Agents And Antimicrobial Sensitivity Pattern

The outcome of 532 wound swabs received from patients with wound infections in different units of the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital Ilorin, Nigeria, over a one year period (July 2000 June 2001), and routinely procesed by Gram staining and culture in the Microbiology Laboratory, is reported. 444(83.5) of all samples cultured positive for bacterial pathogens while 88 (16.5%) were bacteriologically sterile. 272 swabs yielded single isolate while 172 yielded a mixture of two or more organisms. Staphylococcus aureus predominates (35.8%), followed by Pseudomonas spp (21.8%), Escherichia coli (15.3%), Klebsiella spp (13.4%), Proteus spp (5.6%), Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (3.1%), Streptococcus faecalis (2.8%), Streptococcs pyogenes (0.9%), Group B _-haemolytic Streptococci (0.9%), and Acinetobacter spp (0.3%).
Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms demonstrated moderate to high in vitro sensitivity to Ofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin (sensitivity rate 70-94%). In vitro sensitivity to Cloxacillin, Erythromycin, Azithromycin and Ceftazidime by Gram positive organisms ranged beween 55 and 90% while Gentamicin, Ceftrazidime and Azithromycin equally demonstrated moderate to high inhibitory effect on Gram negative organisms including Pseudomonas spp. (sensitivity rate 55-90%).
The Fluoroquino lones are the favoured antimicrobial agents nowadays, as demonstrated in this study. In our environment however, a combination of Cloxacillin and Gentamicin is an effective empiric alternative when cost is considered and this combination can be used. The need for continuous antimicrobial monitoring of clinical isolates of wound infection for drug resistance, which is of paramount importance in the empiric selection of antibiotics, is emphasized.(Af. J. of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology: 2002 3(1): 6-10)

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Invitro antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates from wound infections in university of Ilorin Teaching Hospital

Wound biopsy is a reliable way of diagnosing wound infection in patients with chronic ulcer of the limbs and in burn patients. The biopsy specimen is subjected to both histological and microbiological analysis. While wound swabs often cultured mixed contaminants, biopsy specimens usually reveal single organism growth. This is a prospective study of fifty patients with chronic leg ulcers attending surgical outpatient department over a period of 10 months. The ulcers were subjected to histopathology study. The clinical status of the ulcers were correlated with the histopathology result. There was both statistical and clinical significance between the ABDEFS’ and HISTOPATHOLOGY scores. A clinician can therefore reasonably predict the degree of bacterial invasion of the ulcer based on the assessment of its clinical appearance and thus commence appropriate treatment before further complication sets in.

(Af. J. of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology: 2002 3(1): 11-12)

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A Correlation Study Of Ulcer Status With Bacterial Colonization And Invasion

A prospective study was conducted at Ogun State University Teaching Hospital (OSUTH) between August 1999 and July 2000 in the Orthopaedics, Obstetrics and Gynaecological units to identify the bacterial pathogens associated with infected wounds as well as their antibiotic sensitivity profile.
A total of 1670 patients were seen in these units, out of which 130 (7.78%) developed wound infections. There was a statistical difference (P < 0.05) between the septic wounds associated with the non-operative cases (11.9%) and those of post-operative cases (6.41%). Amongst the 186 bacterial agents isolated from all the samples examined, Klebsiella species (25.3%) accounted for the most common isolates while the least was Enterococcus faecalis (5.4%). Klebsiella species was observed to be most prevalent in the Obstetrics and Gynaecological wounds while Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the commonest in the Orthopaedic wounds.
The sensitivity profile of the isolates to the commonly used antibiotics including those used as pre-operative prophylactic agents ranged between 1.67-46.8%, the range for the aminoglycosides was between 61.8-75%, while the fluoroquinolones had a range of 82.8%-89.2%.
The high level of bacterial resistance to the common antibiotics in this study, re-emphasized the need to properly monitor the use of antibiotics including those used as pre-operative prophylactic agents in this country.

(Af. J. of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology: 2002 3(1): 13-16)

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Bacterial pathogens associated with infected wounds in Ogun State University Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, Nigeria

Thirty-one patients with newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis were longitudinally studied between January 1997 and June 1998; each for 6 months to determine the pattern of drug induced hyperuricaemia. Biochemical indices determined were serum urate and 24 hours urinary output of urate, before and during treatment with antituberculosis therapy.

At the end of the 1st and 2nd months of therapy 16 (51.6%) and 15 (48.4%) of the patients respectively were hyperuricaemic. These were statistically significant when compared with the pretreatment data with P value of 0.001 and 0.002 respectively. At the end of the 6th months there was no significant difference in the incidence of hyperuricaemia observed as compared with the pretreatment level.

The pretreatment mean 24 hours urinary urate output was 4.83 mmol/24 hours, the corresponding values at the end of the 1st and second months of treatment was 3.38 mmol/24 hour and 3.74mmol/24 hours. These value are significantly lower than the pretreatment value with P value of P < 0.05 respectively. This however returns to the pretreatment range by the end of he 6th month of treatment with a value of 4.05 mmol/24 hours and P – value of 0.178.

We concluded therefore that while hyperuricaemia is a known cause of nephropathy, the pattern of drug induced hyperuricaemia that occurs in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis is self- limiting and should therefore not hinder us from optimizing the benefits of the drugs.

(Af. J. of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology: 2002 3(1): 17-20)

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Pattern Of Drug Induced Hyperuricaemia In Nigerians With Pulmonary Tuberculosis