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Rubella IgG Antibody among Nigerian Pregnant Women without Vaccination History

MO Adewumi, RB Olusanya, BA Oladunjoye, JA Adeniji

 

Abstract

Rubella is a vaccine-preventable viral infection, its aetiologic agent; rubella virus was identified as human teratogen capable of causing a spectrum of birth defects described as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Despite the availability of safe and effective vaccines, significant proportion of the population remains susceptible to rubella infection in developing countries. More significantly, such developing countries including Nigeria have not demonstrated adequate commitment to preventive vaccination; a panacea for intervention. Consequently, this study was designed to determine the prevalence of anti-rubella IgG among pregnant women to ascertain the proportion of susceptible population. A total of 273 consenting rubella vaccine naïve antenatal clinic attendees aged 15-42 years (Median age = 28 years) were randomly selected and their sera analyzed for qualitative and quantitative anti-rubella IgG detection. Overall, 244/273 (89.4%) pregnant women enrolled in this study had protective level (Titre = >10 IU/mL) of anti-rubella IgG (Median Titre = 165 IU/mL; Range = <10 – >250 IU/mL), while, 29/273 (10.6%) of the study population lack protective antibody titre ( OD = <10 IU/mL). Results confirm previous reports of exposure, infection, and continuous circulation of rubella virus in Nigeria. It emphasizes the need for improved  and continuous surveillance for rubella and CRS cases, prompt vaccination of vulnerable populations, and evaluation of health policies to achieve immunization and ultimately ensure control/elimination of rubella virus in Nigeria and beyond.

Keywords: Rubella, Pregnancy, Antibody, Congenital Rubella Syndrome, Nigeria

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Rubella IgG Antibody among Nigerian Pregnant Women without Vaccination History

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Isolation of Enterovirus from Feacal Samples of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus in Maiduguri, Nigeria

BS Oderinde, MM Baba, MU Nwodo, J Ladan, PE Ghamba, MT Akinola, AM Kadai

 

Abstract

In this study, 150 patients were recruited out of which 63(42%) were male while 87(58%) were female subjects. Patients with type 1 diabetes were 2(1.3%), those with type 2 were 142(94.7%) while those with GDM were 4(4%). Only one sample from type 2 was positive by virus isolation and identified to be Echovirus 1 and 21 by microneutralization tests as described in WHO polio laboratory manual, 2004. It has been demonstrated that enterovirus infections were significantly more common in recently diagnosed diabetic patients, compared to control subjects. The question if enterovirus could cause beta cell damage and diabetes mellitus has become more and more relevant when recent studies have provided new evidence supporting this scenario especially in type 1 diabetes. This is an important issue since it opens the possibility to develop new, preventive and therapeutic strategies to fight the disease. The purpose of this study is to investigate if enterovirus can be isolated from the stool samples of diabetic patients as a study.

Key words: Isolation, enteroviruses, faeces, diabetes mellitus, patient

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Isolation of Enterovirus from Feacal Samples of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus in Maiduguri, Nigeria

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CD4 Changes in HAART-Naive HIV Positive Pregnant Women on HAART: Low Resource Setting Experience

AO Adeniji, MA Muhibi

 

Abstract

PURPOSE: PMTCT interventions, especially initiation of Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has modified the natural history of HIV infection by reducing both peripartal and neonatal HIV infections, but the pattern of the immunologic responses of these pregnant women to HAART remains speculative. It is hoped from this study, to describe the pattern of immunologic response of naïve, HIV positive pregnant women on their first initiation on HAART. METHODS: This study described the pattern of CD4 changes observed in freshly diagnosed 126 HIV positive pregnant women, stratified into the trimesters of pregnancy and commenced on HAART (Zidovudine, Lamivudine and Nevirapine) for a period of 2 months in pregnancy. CD4 counts were determined at point of recruitment and monthly thereafter using a Parteccytometer counter (Cyflow(R)). Neonatal outcome was also described. RESULTS: Our findings suggest better immunologic response and fewer neonatal infectionsin group of naïve women initiated on HAART while in the first 26 weeks of pregnancy and lesser response in those commenced in the third trimester of pregnancy.
CONCLUSION: Concerted efforts should be directed towards the initiation of HAART prophylaxis before end of 2nd trimester of pregnancy.

Keywords: PMTCT, pregnant women, HAART, CD4 changes

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CD4 Changes in HAART-Naive HIV Positive Pregnant Women on HAART Low Resource Setting Experience

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Prevalence and Susceptibility Patterns of Clinical Isolates of Escherichia coli to Various Antimicrobials in A Clinical Microbiology Laboratory in South-South Nigeria

NC Oreha, CO Esimone, OL Ekwunife

 

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of Escherichia coli as an aetiologic agent in bacterial infections and its antimicrobial susceptibility patterns to ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, norfloxacin, perfloxacin, gentamycin and cotrimoxazole as a guide for empiric therapy. A retrospective study was carried out using a clinical microbiology laboratory in Nigeria. Data retrieved include number of E. coli isolates, sources of the isolates and their antimicrobial susceptibility to various fluoroquinolones, gentamycin and cotrimoxazole between 2005 and 2009. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS version 14, Chicago IL. Out of a total of 906 bacterial isolates, E. coli accounted for 23 % (211) of the isolates. Thirty-eight percent (38.39 %) was isolated from urine samples, 27.96 % from high vaginal swab samples, 24.17 % from stool samples, 0.95% from urethra swabs, 1.9% from wound swabs and 6.6% from semen samples. There was poor level of susceptibility to norfloxacin (2.2%) and cotrimoxazole (23.7%), susceptibility to ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and pefloxacin were 51.1%, 54.7% and 52.5% respectively, that of gentamycin was 51.8%. The trends across the years showed a significant increase in susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, pefloxacin and ofloxacin in 2007 after which it started reducing, while norfloxacin’s susceptibility was low across the five years with maximum susceptibility at 9.1% in 2006. There was an increase in susceptibility to gentamycin as the susceptibility levels of the  fluoroquinolones were reducing. There should be continuous surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and empiric treatment with fluoroquinolones discouraged, especially for non urinary tract infections.

KEYWORDS: Antimicrobial susceptibility, Nigeria, Escherichia coli, fluoroquinolones, gentamycin

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Prevalence and Susceptibility Patterns of Clinical Isolates of Escherichia coli to Various Antimicrobials in A Clinical Microbiology Laboratory in South-South Nigeria

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Unusually High Prevalence of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria among Male University Students on Redemption Camp, Ogun State, Nigeria

F Ayoade, A Osho, SO Fayemi, NE Oyejide, AA Ibikunle

 

Abstract

Differences are known to occur in prevalence rates in urinary tract infections (UTI) between men and women due to the difference between the urinary tracts of the sexes. Moreover, different organisms are known to infect and cause bacteriuria in men. When urine samples from 55 apparently healthy male students of Redeemer’s University were examined, nine bacteria species including Micrococcus luteus, Viellonella parvula, Micrococcus varians, Streptococcus downei, Streptococcus pneumonia, Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pyrogenes, Staphylococcus saprophyticus,and Enterococcus aquimarinus were isolated from the samples. The two most prevalent organisms reported in this study were Micrococcus luteus (40%) and Micrococcus varians (27.3%). The implication of the high prevalence rates (54.5%) of asymptomatic bacteriuria obtained in this population is discussed.

Key words: Asymptomatic UTI, bacteriuria, Micrococcus luteus

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Unusually High Prevalence of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria among Male University Students on Redemption Camp, Ogun State, Nigeria

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Antibacterial Activities of Different Brands of Deodorants Marketed in Owerrri, Imo State, Nigeria

BC Egbuobi, GC Ojiegbe, JN Dike-Ndudim, PC Enwuru

 

Abstract

Body odour caused by bacterial growth is of great concern to those affected. To ameliorate this, deodorants, which are substances applied to avert body odour, are designed and used. These deodorants are claimed to have antibacterial activities. This work was therefore, carried out to determine the antibacterial activities of the deodorants marketed in Owerri municipality. Owerri is the capital of Imo State of Nigeria. To determine this, twenty (20) deodorants from ten (10) different manufacturers made up of fourteen (14) roll-on and six (6) sprays were assessed using punch -hole plate diffusion technique on nutrient agar plates. The deodorants were purchased from Ekeonunwa market, New market, Relief market, and some supper markets, all in Owerri Municipality. These deodorants were tested against Laboratory isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis obtained from Federal Medical Centre (FMC) and Modesty Medical Laboratory Owerri and reconfirmed using morphological and biochemical tests. Out of the twenty (20) deodorants tested, 18 (90%) were active against the organisms, 17 (85%) were active against Staphylococcus epidermidis, 15 (75%) against P. mirabilis, 11 (55%) against E. coli and 10 (50%) against P. aeruginosa. It was also observed that deodorants “roll – on” were more active 14 (100%) than the deodorants “sprays” 4 (66.6%). From this study, it was observed that the deodorants tested had antibacterial activities.

Key words: Deodorants, Antibacterial, body, odor

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Antibacterial Activities of Different Brands of Deodorants Marketed in Owerrri, Imo State, Nigeria

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Occurrence of Methicillin and Vancomycin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria

BO Akanbi, JU Mbe

 

Abstract

The susceptibility of clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from a hospital to seven antibiotics; namely ofloxacin, vancomycin, oxacillin, erythromycin ampicillin and gentamicin was examined. The isolates were recovered from wound, skin, urine, blood, vaginal, cerebrospinal fluid and ear infections. After confirmation as S. aureus through gram stain and biochemical tests, the antibiogram of each isolate was determined using the disk diffusion method. A total of 214 S. aureus isolates were examined of which 28 (13.1%) were resistant to methicillin. Of these 25% were sensitive to ofloxacin, 85.7% to vancomycin, 10.7% to erythromycin 0% to ampicillin and gentamicin. Four (14.3%) of the Methicillin resistant isolates were also resistant to vancomycin and all other antibiotics. There was a significant difference in the sensitivity pattern between inpatient isolates and outpatient isolates in this study (p <0.05). This study established the presence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) as well as VRSA in this locality and hence the need to implement measures that will limit the dissemination of these strains in the hospital and the community.
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PCR Detection of Entamoeba histolytica in Microscopically Positive Stool Samples of Hospital Patients in Soroti, Eastern Uganda

J Ekou, JI Nakavuma, J Erume, M Ocaido

 

Abstract

Amoebiasis is an infection caused by water borne protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. In Uganda where sanitation infrastructure and health education was not adequate, amoebiasis was thought to be still an important health problem. However there was little or no data on prevalence of this very important protozoan infection. In addition, microscopy remained the main method for the diagnosis of amoebiasis but could not differentiate between Entamoeba dispar/moshkovskii and Entamoeba histolytica infections. This made determination of true prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica infections difficult. It was against this background that this study was designed to carry out species specific diagnosis of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar/moshkovskii in Uganda where these species had been reported to be endemic. This study used microscopy and polymerase chain reaction amplification of Serine-rich Entamoeba histolytica (SREHP) gene. It was shown that 36.7% (n=22) of the samples initially diagnosed as positive by microscopy were positive by PCR. The true prevalence of E. histolytica and E.dispar/ moshkovskii was found to be 7.31% and 12.6% respectively. It was concluded that Entamoeba infection in Soroti, Eastern Uganda is more frequently due to E. dispar /moshkovskii (13.3%) the non-pathogenic forms than to E. histolytica, the pathogen (7.31%).

Key words: Entamoeba histolytica, Microscopy, Polymerase chain reaction, Prevalence.

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PCR Detection of Entamoeba histolytica in Microscopically Positive Stool Samples of Hospital Patients in Soroti, Eastern Uganda

 

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Molecular Identification of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Benin-City Nigeria

O Obasuyi

 

Abstract

We use the molecular techniques of PCR and PFGE to identify MRSA from clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus causing infections among hospitalized patients in Benin-City, Nigeria. A total of 36 isolates were obtained from the University of Benin Teaching Hospital between July-September, 2007. The MRSA strains were selected according to their phenotypic characteristics (antibiotic resistant profiles), susceptibility to oxacillin by E-test, and detection of β-lactamase. This was verified by a latex agglutination test for PBP2a production combined with PCR for mecA gene carriage. Four isolates representing 11% were confirmed as MRSA according to the molecular techniques used with two PFGE types (H and L) and one agr type (1). Multi resistance to the various antibiotics used was observed in one of the clones. The isolation of MRSA in health institution indicates that adequate steps in limiting spread are urgently needed. Also, for the first time two MRSA clones according to the PFGE classifications have been identified in Nigeria.

Keywords: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA, PFGE, PCR, molecular techniques.

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Molecular Identification of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Benin-City Nigeria