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Unusually High Prevalence of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria among Male University Students on Redemption Camp, Ogun State, Nigeria

F Ayoade, A Osho, SO Fayemi, NE Oyejide, AA Ibikunle

 

Abstract

Differences are known to occur in prevalence rates in urinary tract infections (UTI) between men and women due to the difference between the urinary tracts of the sexes. Moreover, different organisms are known to infect and cause bacteriuria in men. When urine samples from 55 apparently healthy male students of Redeemer’s University were examined, nine bacteria species including Micrococcus luteus, Viellonella parvula, Micrococcus varians, Streptococcus downei, Streptococcus pneumonia, Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pyrogenes, Staphylococcus saprophyticus,and Enterococcus aquimarinus were isolated from the samples. The two most prevalent organisms reported in this study were Micrococcus luteus (40%) and Micrococcus varians (27.3%). The implication of the high prevalence rates (54.5%) of asymptomatic bacteriuria obtained in this population is discussed.

Key words: Asymptomatic UTI, bacteriuria, Micrococcus luteus

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Unusually High Prevalence of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria among Male University Students on Redemption Camp, Ogun State, Nigeria

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Antibacterial Activities of Different Brands of Deodorants Marketed in Owerrri, Imo State, Nigeria

BC Egbuobi, GC Ojiegbe, JN Dike-Ndudim, PC Enwuru

 

Abstract

Body odour caused by bacterial growth is of great concern to those affected. To ameliorate this, deodorants, which are substances applied to avert body odour, are designed and used. These deodorants are claimed to have antibacterial activities. This work was therefore, carried out to determine the antibacterial activities of the deodorants marketed in Owerri municipality. Owerri is the capital of Imo State of Nigeria. To determine this, twenty (20) deodorants from ten (10) different manufacturers made up of fourteen (14) roll-on and six (6) sprays were assessed using punch -hole plate diffusion technique on nutrient agar plates. The deodorants were purchased from Ekeonunwa market, New market, Relief market, and some supper markets, all in Owerri Municipality. These deodorants were tested against Laboratory isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis obtained from Federal Medical Centre (FMC) and Modesty Medical Laboratory Owerri and reconfirmed using morphological and biochemical tests. Out of the twenty (20) deodorants tested, 18 (90%) were active against the organisms, 17 (85%) were active against Staphylococcus epidermidis, 15 (75%) against P. mirabilis, 11 (55%) against E. coli and 10 (50%) against P. aeruginosa. It was also observed that deodorants “roll – on” were more active 14 (100%) than the deodorants “sprays” 4 (66.6%). From this study, it was observed that the deodorants tested had antibacterial activities.

Key words: Deodorants, Antibacterial, body, odor

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Antibacterial Activities of Different Brands of Deodorants Marketed in Owerrri, Imo State, Nigeria

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Occurrence of Methicillin and Vancomycin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria

BO Akanbi, JU Mbe

 

Abstract

The susceptibility of clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from a hospital to seven antibiotics; namely ofloxacin, vancomycin, oxacillin, erythromycin ampicillin and gentamicin was examined. The isolates were recovered from wound, skin, urine, blood, vaginal, cerebrospinal fluid and ear infections. After confirmation as S. aureus through gram stain and biochemical tests, the antibiogram of each isolate was determined using the disk diffusion method. A total of 214 S. aureus isolates were examined of which 28 (13.1%) were resistant to methicillin. Of these 25% were sensitive to ofloxacin, 85.7% to vancomycin, 10.7% to erythromycin 0% to ampicillin and gentamicin. Four (14.3%) of the Methicillin resistant isolates were also resistant to vancomycin and all other antibiotics. There was a significant difference in the sensitivity pattern between inpatient isolates and outpatient isolates in this study (p <0.05). This study established the presence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) as well as VRSA in this locality and hence the need to implement measures that will limit the dissemination of these strains in the hospital and the community.
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PCR Detection of Entamoeba histolytica in Microscopically Positive Stool Samples of Hospital Patients in Soroti, Eastern Uganda

J Ekou, JI Nakavuma, J Erume, M Ocaido

 

Abstract

Amoebiasis is an infection caused by water borne protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. In Uganda where sanitation infrastructure and health education was not adequate, amoebiasis was thought to be still an important health problem. However there was little or no data on prevalence of this very important protozoan infection. In addition, microscopy remained the main method for the diagnosis of amoebiasis but could not differentiate between Entamoeba dispar/moshkovskii and Entamoeba histolytica infections. This made determination of true prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica infections difficult. It was against this background that this study was designed to carry out species specific diagnosis of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar/moshkovskii in Uganda where these species had been reported to be endemic. This study used microscopy and polymerase chain reaction amplification of Serine-rich Entamoeba histolytica (SREHP) gene. It was shown that 36.7% (n=22) of the samples initially diagnosed as positive by microscopy were positive by PCR. The true prevalence of E. histolytica and E.dispar/ moshkovskii was found to be 7.31% and 12.6% respectively. It was concluded that Entamoeba infection in Soroti, Eastern Uganda is more frequently due to E. dispar /moshkovskii (13.3%) the non-pathogenic forms than to E. histolytica, the pathogen (7.31%).

Key words: Entamoeba histolytica, Microscopy, Polymerase chain reaction, Prevalence.

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PCR Detection of Entamoeba histolytica in Microscopically Positive Stool Samples of Hospital Patients in Soroti, Eastern Uganda

 

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Molecular Identification of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Benin-City Nigeria

O Obasuyi

 

Abstract

We use the molecular techniques of PCR and PFGE to identify MRSA from clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus causing infections among hospitalized patients in Benin-City, Nigeria. A total of 36 isolates were obtained from the University of Benin Teaching Hospital between July-September, 2007. The MRSA strains were selected according to their phenotypic characteristics (antibiotic resistant profiles), susceptibility to oxacillin by E-test, and detection of β-lactamase. This was verified by a latex agglutination test for PBP2a production combined with PCR for mecA gene carriage. Four isolates representing 11% were confirmed as MRSA according to the molecular techniques used with two PFGE types (H and L) and one agr type (1). Multi resistance to the various antibiotics used was observed in one of the clones. The isolation of MRSA in health institution indicates that adequate steps in limiting spread are urgently needed. Also, for the first time two MRSA clones according to the PFGE classifications have been identified in Nigeria.

Keywords: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA, PFGE, PCR, molecular techniques.

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Molecular Identification of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Benin-City Nigeria

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Evaluation of Usefulness of Polymerase Chain Reaction in the Diagnosis of Malaria in Nigeria

DO Ogbolu, OA Terry Alli, AS Nassar, OO Ajagbe

 

Abstract

Microscopy has been the most common technique for the diagnosis of malaria in south western Nigeria. This study was undertaken to determine the efficiency of PCR for malaria diagnosis in south western Nigeria. A total of 450 samples submitted for malaria diagnosis at Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex (OAUTHC), Ile-Ife between the months of January and December, 2009 were used. Methods used included Giemsa staining procedure for estimation of parasite densities and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the presence of malaria parasite in the whole blood. Using microscopy as reference gold standard, patients comprising 120 males and 330 females with age ranging between less than 1 and 60 samples were used. In all, about 255 (56.7 %) of the samples were positive for microscopy, while 75 (16.7 %) with high parasitaemia on microscopy were positive for PCR analysis. The study concluded that PCR for diagnosis of malaria has sensitivity of 29.4% and specificity of 100% using crude method of DNA extraction while the use of DNA extraction kit has sensitivity of 90.2% and specificity of 100%, hence effort should be geared towards increasing the sensitivity and reduce the cost of doing the test in low resource country like Nigeria.

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Group B Streptococcus Carriage during Late Pregnancy in Ile-Ife, Nigeria

A Onipede, O Adefusi, A Adeyemi, E Adejuyigbe, A Oyelese, T Ogunniyi

 

Abstract

This study determined the prevalence of Group B Streptococcus (GBS) in late pregnancy and the antimicrobial susceptibility of isolated GBS as well as the impact of GBS infections on pregnancy related clinical outcome with a view of providing an epidemiological baseline data for policy formulation in the teaching hospital. It is an observational and cross-sectional hospital based study. One hundred and fifty pregnant women from 35-40 weeks of gestation were purposively selected and included in the study from May to December 2010. Vaginal swab samples were aseptically collected from the subjects after informed consent. The samples were assayed for presence of GBS. The susceptibility pattern of the isolated GBS to different antibiotics were assessed using disc diffusion and agar dilution techniques based on the Clinical and Laboratory Standards institute(CLSI) standards. The result showed prevalence of 11.3% GBS vaginal colonization which increased with age. There was no significant association between GBS colonization status and age (p >0.05)), gestational age (p >0.05)), gravidity (p >0.05) and obstetric risk factors (p >0.05)). There was no incidence of GBS infection observed. Although, all (17) the GBS isolates were 100% resistance to penicillin, ampicillin, cefoxitin and clindamycin. Resistance to cefotaxime (11.8%), erythromycin (64.7%) and vancomycin 70.6% were observed. Group B Streptococcus colonization in vagina in late pregnancy has been established in the antenatal clinic of the teaching hospital with the attendant risk to the fetus in the population of those affected. There were high and multiple resistance patterns of the GBS isolates to different antibiotics in this study. This calls for a review of the present hospital policy to include the routine screening of GBS during antenatal visits and surveillance.
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Epidemiological Significance of the Colonization of Streptococcus Agalactiae in the Anorectum and Endocervix of Non-Parturients in Jos, Nigeria

DS Nsagha, HLF Kamga, JCN Assob, AL Njunda, CSS Bello, YT Kandakai-Olukemi

 

Abstract

Knowledge of Group B Streptococcus (GBS) carriage and infections in Africa is very scanty but few cases have been reported in Nigeria in particular. Streptococcus agalactiae has been reported to cause infections and diseases in non-parturients and adults ranging from bacteremia, osteomylitis, arthritis, and endocarditis to breast abscess among others, hence the necessity for this study. Fifty six non-pregnant women of different age groups and social status were screened for GBS in Plateau State Specialist Hospital using the Christie, Atkins and Munch-Petersen (CAMP) and hippurate hydrolysis tests. Two (3.6 %) of the 56 women were positive for GBS. The 2 isolates were all from the anorectum. The endocervix yielded no culture. The antibiogram showed that ampicillin is the drug of choice with all isolates (100%) sensitive to the drug. No statistically significant relationship was observed between the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the patients and GBS carriage (P>0.05). This survey shows a much lower carriage proportion than that reported in Ibadan, Nigeria from non-parturients.

Key words: Streptococcus agalactiae, epidemiology, anorectum, endocervix, non-parturients

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Epidemiological Significance of the Colonization of Streptococcus Agalactiae in the Anorectum and Endocervix of Non-Parturients in Jos, Nigeria

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The Aetiology of Enteric Fever in Abuja, North Central Nigeria

IC Peletiri, NKO Ibecheozor

 

Abstract

Enteric fever is caused by Salmonella enterica serotype typhi, Salmonella paratyphi A, B, C, and Salmonella typhimurium respectively. Of the 2818 blood cultures reviewed, only 90 (3.2%) had positive cultures for Salmonella species while the 10,007 faecal samples cultured, 159 (1.6%) were positive for Salmonella species. Identification of isolates was by usual bacteriological techniques including biochemical and serological methods. Percentage occurrence of Salmonella species in blood and faecal samples show Salmonella enterica serotype typhi (75.6% and 59.8%), Salmonella paratyphi A (4.4% and 9.4%), Salmonella paratyphi B (17.8% and 19.5%), Salmonella paratyphi C (2.2% and 6.3%) and Salmonella typhimurium (0.0% and 5.0%). The susceptibility pattern of all the isolates to the eleven drugs used as listed on table iii is highly revealing. For epidemiological status and proper management of patients, it is necessary that appropriate specimens (blood, bone marrow and faecal cultures) are examined and identification of isolates carried out as well as proper sensitivity testing performed prior to treatment for enteric fever.

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The Aetiology of Enteric Fever in Abuja, North Central Nigeria

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The Influence of Gestational Age on the Loss of Maternal Measles Antibodies in Newborn Infants in North-Eastern Nigeria: A Call for a Review of Measles Immunization Schedule

UA Baba, MA Bello, RT Akuhwa, AM Alhaji, JS Dawurung, S Pius, G Saidu

 

Abstract

Background: Maternal measles antibodies (MMA) are actively transferred in mother-infant pairs during third trimester of pregnancy. Gestational age (GA) affects the levels of MMA such that longer GA may result in infants starting out with high levels of MMA.
Objective: To determine the influence of GA on the loss of MMA in newborn infants in North-Eastern Nigeria.
Method: A prospective study was conducted on newborn infants at Maiduguri; sera were collected at birth and at six months of age. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure MMA while GA was determined using the last menstrual period, ultrasound scan reports and the Dubowitz criteria.
Results: Seventy eight newborn infants were enrolled. Seventeen (89.5 %) preterm, 43 (95.6 %) term and 14 (100 %) postterm had protective levels of MMA at birth. Two (10.5 %) preterm, nine (20.0%) term and two (14.3 %) postterm had protective MMA at six months of age. Comparison of mean MMA at birth and at six months of age was significant (p = 0.005), however, it was independent of GA of the newborn infants.
Conclusion: Significant decline of mean MMA levels was seen in these infants at six months of age, which was independent of their GA. These infants may be prone to measles at an earlier age (less than six months). Therefore, the current recommendation of measles immunization to infants at nine months of age may require reconsideration.