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Phylogenetic diversity and susceptibility of Candida species from women using contraceptive devices in northcentral Nigeria

*1,2Adogo, L. Y., 2Chuku, A., 2Joseph, N. F., 3Ombugadu, A., 4,5Reuben, R. C., and 1,2Ajide, B.

1Department of Biological Sciences, Bingham University, Karu, Nigeria

2Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Lafia, Nigeria

3Department of Zoology, Federal University of Lafia, Nigeria

4German Centre of Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany 5Department of Experimental Interaction Ecology, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstraße 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany *Correspondence to: lillian.adogo@binghamuni.edu.ng

Abstract:
Background: The use of contraceptive devices predisposes women to vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) globally. Despite the high incidence of VVC and antifungal resistance to azoles, the genetic diversity and resistance pattern among contraceptive users in Nigeria is poorly investigated. This study therefore sought to characterize and determine the phylogenetic breadth of Candida species as well as their resistance to antifungal agents. Continue reading “Phylogenetic diversity and susceptibility of Candida species from women using contraceptive devices in northcentral Nigeria”

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Antifungal susceptibility and detection of mutant ERG11 gene in vaginal Candida isolates in University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, Uyo, Nigeria

Ikenyi, C. L., *Ekuma, A. E., and Atting, I. A.

Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria

*Correspondence to: agantemekuma@uniuyo.edu.ng; +2348023075572

Abstract:
Background: Candida vulvovaginitis is an important cause of morbidity among women. Fluconazole and other azoles are among the commonest antifungal agents used for the treatment of this condition. Azole resistance among Candida species is an increasing problem, and mutations in the ERG11 gene is the commonest cause of fluconazole resistance in Candida. The objectives of this study are to determine antifungal susceptibility of vaginal Candida isolates and detect carriage of mutant ERG11 gene by them.

Methods: High vaginal swabs obtained from 260 participants were cultured on Saboraud’s Dextrose agar (SDA) for isolation of Candida, and identified by growth on CHROMagar Candida, germ tube and carbohydrate fermentation tests. Antifungal susceptibility to fluconazole, voriconazole, nystatin and flucytosine was determined by the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method on supplemented Mueller Hinton agar. ERG11 gene was detected by conventional singleplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay.

Results: Candida was isolated from 126 of 260 (48.5%) participants, and the identified species were Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilopsis and Candida famata. There were 112 (88.9%) isolates susceptible to fluconazole, 122 (96.8%) to voriconazole, 111 (88.1%) to nystatin, and 16 (6.6%) to flucytosine. The mutant ERG11 gene was detected in all four fluconazole-resistant isolates but not from any of five randomly selected fluconazole susceptible dose dependent (SDD) isolates.

Conclusion: Azole resistance among Candida in this environment is associated with mutant ERG11 gene expression.

Keywords: antifungi, fluconazole, Candida, ERG11, PCR

Received March 6, 2020; Revised April 22, 2020; Accepted April 24, 2020

Copyright 2020 AJCEM Open Access. This article is licensed and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attrition 4.0 International License <a rel=”license” href=”//creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/”, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided credit is given to the original author(s) and the source.

Sensibilité antifongique et détection du gène ERG11 mutant dans des isolats vaginaux de Candida à l’hôpital universitaire de Uyo, Uyo, Nigéria

Ikenyi, C. L., *Ekuma, A. E., et Atting, I. A.
Département de microbiologie médicale et de parasitologie, Université d’Uyo, Uyo, Nigéria *Correspondance à: agantemekuma@uniuyo.edu.ng; +2348023075572

Abstrait:
Contexte: La vulvovaginite à Candida est une cause importante de morbidité chez les femmes. Le fluconazole et d’autres azoles sont parmi les agents antifongiques les plus couramment utilisés pour le traitement de cette condition. La résistance à l’azole chez les espèces de Candida est un problème croissant, et les mutations du gène ERG11 sont la cause la plus fréquente de résistance au fluconazole chez Candida. Les objectifs de cette étude sont de déterminer la sensibilité antifongique des isolats vaginaux de Candida et de détecter le transport du gène ERG11 mutant par eux.

Méthodes: Des écouvillons vaginaux élevés obtenus auprès de 260 participants ont été cultivés sur gélose Dextrose de Saboraud (SDA) pour l’isolement de Candida, et identifiés par croissance sur CHROMagar Candida, tube germinatif et tests de fermentation des glucides. La sensibilité antifongique au fluconazole, au voriconazole, à la nystatine et à la flucytosine a été déterminée par la méthode de diffusion sur disque de Kirby Bauer sur de la gélose Mueller Hinton complétée. Le gène ERG11 a été détecté par un test classique de réaction en chaîne par polymérase (PCR).

Résultats: Candida a été isolé sur 126 des 260 participants (48,5%), et les espèces identifiées étaient Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilopsis et Candida famata. Il y avait 112 (88,9%) isolats sensibles au fluconazole, 122 (96,8%) au voriconazole, 111 (88,1%) à la nystatine et 16 (6,6%) à la flucytosine. Le gène ERG11 mutant a été détecté dans les quatre isolats résistants au fluconazole, mais pas dans aucun des cinq isolats dépendants de la dose (SDD) sensibles au fluconazole sélectionnés au hasard.

Conclusion: la résistance à l’azole chez Candida dans cet environnement est associée à l’expression du gène ERG11 mutant.

Mots-clés: antifongiques, fluconazole, Candida, ERG11, PCR

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Antifungal susceptibility and detection of mutant ERG11 gene in vaginal Candida isolates in University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, Uyo, Nigeria

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Candida species: the silent enemy

1*Al-Laaeiby, A., 2Ali, S., and 3Al-Saadoon, A. H.
1Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Basrah, Iraq
2Department of Nursing Clinical Sciences, College of Nursing, University of Kirkuk, Iraq
3Department of Pathological analyses, College of Science, University of Basrah, Iraq
*Correspondence to: ayat200022@yahoo.com

Abstract:
Candida species are known to cause serious infections in immunocompromised patients but uncommon cases have been reported in immunocompetent individuals regardless of the harmless co-existence of the fungi with the host. Recently, the incidence rate of candidiasis has increased dramatically alongside the emergence of antifungal resistance. Although conventional methods to ensure prompt diagnosis of candidiasis for effective therapy have been established, the scientific world is witnessing progress in the development of more accurate, timely and cost-effective methods that is coinciding with the molecular revolution and advanced DNA analysis. Moreover, the challenges of resistance of Candida to available antifungal agents are being met with the deployment of molecular techniques to investigate the mechanisms of resistance. This review is an attempt to provide up-to-date information on the persistent problems of Candida with highlights on the clinical importance, molecular diagnosis, and resistance to candidate antifungal drugs; azoles and echinocandins.

Keywords: Candida, resistance, molecular diagnosis, azole, echinocandin

Received April 1, 2019; Revised May 13, 2019; Accepted May 30, 2019
Copyright 2019 AJCEM Open Access. This article is licensed and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attrition 4.0 International License (//creativecommmons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided credit is given to the original author(s) and the source.

Espèce Candida: l’ennemi silencieux
1*Al-Laaeiby, A., 2Ali, S., et 3Al-Saadoon, A. H.
1Département de biologie, Collège des sciences, Université de Basrah, Irak
2Département de sciences cliniques infirmières, Collège des sciences infirmières, Université de Kirkuk, Irak
3Département de Pathological analyses, Collège des sciences, Université de Basrah, Irak *Correspondance à: ayat200022@yahoo.com

Abstrait:
Les espèces de Candida sont connues pour causer des infections graves chez les patients immunodéprimés, mais des cas peu communs ont été rapportés chez des individus immunocompétents, indépendamment de la coexistence inoffensive des champignons avec l’hôte. Récemment, le taux d’incidence de la candidose a considérablement augmenté parallèlement à l’émergence d’une résistance antifongique. Bien que les méthodes conventionnelles permettant d’assurer un diagnostic rapide de la candidose en vue d’un traitement efficace aient été établies, le monde scientifique constate des progrès dans la mise au point de méthodes plus précises, plus rapides et plus rentables qui coïncident avec la révolution moléculaire et l’analyse avancée de l’ADN. De plus, les défis posés par la résistance de Candida aux agents antifongiques disponibles sont résolus par le déploiement de techniques moléculaires pour étudier les mécanismes de résistance. Cette revue tente de fournir des informations à jour sur les problèmes persistants de Candida en soulignant l’importance clinique, le diagnostic moléculaire et la résistance aux antifongiques candidats; les azoles et les echinocandins.

Mots-clés: Candida, résistance, diagnostic moléculaire, azole, echinocandine

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Candida species the silent enemy

 

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Pulmonary candidiasis and CD4 count in HIV positive patients seen in Jos, north central Nigeria

YJ Peter, AH Isa, AS Anzaku, MI Builders

 

Abstract

Background: Accurate and reliable diagnosis of HIV opportunistic infections plays a central role in effective HIV intervention programmes. Pulmonary infections are the leading cause of  morbidity and mortality in HIV infected individuals.

Objectives: We set out to determine the prevalence of Pulmonary candidiasis by isolating Candida species from the sputum of HIV sero-positive patient’s presenting to hospital with complaint of cough for more than two weeks and related the level of CD4 count to Pulmonary candidiasis.

Methods: Using sterile wire loop, each sputum sample was inoculated into duplicate SDA (Thermo Scientific, UK); one tube without antibiotics, another tube supplemented with Chloramphenicol (0.05%) and Cycloheximide (0.5%) antibiotics. The patient’s CD4 count was determined using a Cyflow machine (PARTECR, Germany).

Result: Fifty two (54.2%) female and 44(45.8%) male HIV positive subjects were compared with a control group made up of, 52(54.2%) female and 44(45.8%) male HIV negative subjects. Twenty one (21.9%) HIV positive subjects had Candida species in their sputum samples compared to 12(12.5%) in the HIV negative subjects. Among HIV positive subjects, 17(17.7%) had Candida albicans isolated from their sputum, 11(11.5%) of whom had a CD4 count of <200 cells/ul.

Conclusion: We concluded that, there is a risk of pulmonary candidiasis occurring in HIV infected patients with CD4 count <200cells/ul and that, Candida species contributes to chronic cough experienced by HIV infected patients. We recommend that HIV positive patients who have chronic cough and whose CD4 count is <200cells/ul be placed on systemic antifungal medication.

Keywords: Candida, Cough, Nigeria, Sputum

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Pulmonary candidiasis and CD4 count in HIV positive patients seen in Jos north central Nigeria

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Candiduria among HIV- Infected Patients Attending a Tertiary Hospital in Benin City

NO Esebelahie, IB Enweani, FO Newton-Esebelahie, R Omoregie

 

Abstract

Background: Candiduria is a common finding. However, in  immunocompromised patients like HIV-infected individuals, it has high risk of morbidity and mortality as it could be a pointer to systemic candidiasis. Unfortunately, there are no clear criteria for differentiating between colonization and infection or between upper or lower urinary tract infections.

Objective: This study focused on determining the spectrum of Candida species implicated in candiduria among HIV-infected individuals and their
susceptibility to fluconazole and voriconazole in a tertiary hospital.

Methods: A total of 300 subjects comprising of 200 HIV patients and 100 non-HIV individuals were used for this study. Clean catch midstream were collected from each individual and processed using standard  microbiological techniques. Emergent Candida isolates were identified with CHROMagar Candida and sugar fermentation tests.

Results: The overall prevalence of candiduria among HIV patients was 13.5%. HAART-naive patients had a significantly higher prevalence  (OR=4.165, 95%CI=1.602, 10.828; P=0.0038) than their counterpart on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Female gender was a  significant risk factor for acquiring candiduria. Age had no significant effect on the prevalence of candiduria in this study. A CD4+ count <200 cells/µl was a significant risk factor for acquiring candiduria only among  HAART-naive patients (OR=11.711; 95%CI=3.943, 34.780; P= 0.0001). The three species of Candida recovered from this study were C. albicans, C. krusei and C.parapsilosis. C. albicans (64.52%, 83.36%) and C. krusei (66.67%, 100.00%) were resistant to fluconazole and voriconazole  respectively.

Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between  antiretroviral therapy, CD4+ counts, and the prevalence of candiduria among the study population.

Keywords:HAART, HAART-naive, candiduria, CD4+ counts, Candida,  prevalence.

 

Contexte: La candidurie est un problème commun de sante publique. Cependant, chez les patients immunodéprimés comme les individus infectés par le VIH, elle présente un risque élevé de morbidité puisqu’elle peut évoluer vers la candidose systémique. Malheureusement, il n’existe pas de critères clairs permettant de distinguer la colonisation et l’infection de même que les infections des voies urinaires supérieures et inférieures.

Objectif: Cette étude a porté sur la détermination du spectre d’espèces de Candida impliqués dans la candidurie chez les personnes infectées par le VIH et leur sensibilité au fluconazole et voriconazole dans un hôpital tertiaire.

Methodes : Un total de 300 sujets comprenant 200 patients atteints du VIH et 100 personnes non -VIH ont été utilisés dans cette étude. Les echantillons d’urine ont été collectées auprès de chaque personne par la methode de ‘‘Clean catch midstream’’et traitées en utilisant des techniques microbiologiques standard. Les isolats émergents de Candida ont été identifiés avec CHROMagar Candida et les tests de fermentation de sucre.

Résultats : La prévalence globale du VIH chez les patients atteints de candidurie était de 13,5%. Les patients en naïfs de la multithérapie HAARTavaient une prévalence significativement plus élevée (OR = 4,165, IC à 95% =1,602, 10,828, p = 0,0038 ) par rapport a leurs homologues sous traitement antiretroviral hautement actif (HAART ) . Le sexe feminin etait un facteur de risque important d’acquisition de candidurie. L’age n’avait pas d’effet significat nif sur la prevalence de candidurie dans cette etude. Un compte de CD4 + < 200 cellules / µl ete un facteur de risque important pour l’acquisition de candidurie que chez les patients en multitherapie naifs (OR = 11,711 ; IC a 95% = 3, 943, 34, 780, p = 0,0001). Les trois especes de Candida recuperes de cette etude etaient C. albicans, C. krusei et C.parapsilosis. C. albicans(64,52%, 83,36 %) et C. krusei (66,67%, 100,00 %) etaient resistants respectivement au  fluconazole et voriconazole.

Conclusion: Il existe une relation significative entre le traitement  antiretroviral, CD4 +, et la prevalence de candidurie parmi la population de l’etude..

Mots-cles: multitherapie HAART , naifs , candidurie , CD4 + , Candida , prevalence

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Candiduria among HIV- Infected Patients Attending a Tertiary Hospital in Benin City

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Candida Species Amongst Pregnant Women In Benin City, Nigeria: Effect Of Predisposing Factors

FE Oviasogie, FI Okungbowa

 

Abstract

Genital samples from pregnant women were examined to determine the Candida species present and how some predisposing factors would affect the frequency of isolation of species. A total of 147 women (87 volunteer asymptomatic pregnant women and 60 asymptomatic nonpregnant women) were examined. High Vaginal Swabs (HVS) were collected in pairs while demographic data (age of individual, age of pregnancy, occupation and use of contraceptive pill) on each subject were obtained alongside. Samples were cultured on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar plates and incubated for 72 hours at 37°C. Results revealed five Candida species (C.albicans, C.glabrata, C.tropicalis, C.stellatoidea, C.parapsilosis) with 61.5, 17.9, 7.7, 5.1, 2.6 % frequency of isolation respectively, as against 73.7, 7.7, 1.4, 11.3, and 0.0% for control. Women in the second trimester of pregnancy had the highest occurrence (68.8%) while the age groups 24- 30 and 31-37 years had the highest occurrence in the control (46.2%) and in the pregnant ones (51.7%) respectively. Traders had 68.8%, and full-time housewives, 26.7% occurrence. More women who used contraceptives had Candida (58.3%) as against non contraceptive users (35.3%). The results support literature reports that there are high rates of colonization of the vagina of pregnant women by Candida. They also give credence to earlier reports that the factors determined here affect the frequency of isolation of Candida species from the vagina.

Keywords: Candida, pregnancy, women, genital specimens, Benin City

African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology Vol. 10 (2) 2009: pp. 92-98