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‘Metastatic seed’ of cholera in Edo State, Nigeria: a case report

*1,3Adewuyi, G. M., 1,3Samuel, O. S., 1Unuane, A. E., 2Iraoyah, K. O., 1Onuha, G. O.,   1Otumu, O. T., and 1Ogbue, J. I.

Departments of 1Medical Microbiology/Parasitology and 2Internal Medicine, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria

3Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria   *Correspondence to: gbolawuyi@yahoo.com; ORCiD: 0000-0002-8976-5565

Abstract:

There were reported cholera epidemics in some States in Nigeria. Cholera is an acute diarrhea disease with marked epidemic propensity, caused by colonization of the small intestine by Vibrio cholerae serogroup 01 or 0139. Cholera, like other infectious diseases epidemics, has propensity for sending metastatic seed to any susceptible remote community. If the metastatic seed can be promptly diagnosed and managed appropriately, the spread and development of new epicenter can be aborted. This report is a case of metastatic cholera who presented in a tertiary hospital in Edo State, Nigeria. The case was promptly detected and effectively managed using good surveillance system, inter-departmental collaboration, swift responses, good laboratory practices, patient isolation and infection prevention and control measures, coupled with appropriate fluid and antimicrobial treatments. This prevented cholera epidemic in the hospital and Edo State in general. Continue reading “‘Metastatic seed’ of cholera in Edo State, Nigeria: a case report”

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Outbreak of Measles in vaccinated population in Southeastern Nigeria

*1Shenge, J. A., 2Odaibo, G. N., and 2Olaleye, D. O.

1Department of Biological Sciences, Dominican University, Ibadan, Nigeria

2Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

*Correspondence to: jadamma@yahoo.com

Abstract:

Background: Outbreaks of respiratory disease, febrile illness and rash occurred in two adjoining rural communities of Imo State, Southeastern, Nigeria, at different times between 2006 and 2020. Laboratory investigation was carried out to determine the aetiological agent of the outbreak.

Methodology: Oropharyngeal swabs were collected from 6 individuals showing symptoms of disease, within 3-4 days of appearance of rash. Venous blood samples were also collected from a total of 41 symptomatic persons, their contacts and individuals with resolved infections. Swabs were inoculated into Vero, HEp-2c, B95a and MDCK cell lines. Sera were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for immunoglobulin G and M to rubella and measles viruses, while immunofluorescence assay was used to detect Lassa fever virus immunoglobulins. Descriptive data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Results: Four of the 6 (66.7%) swab samples showed viral activity or cytopathic effect characterized by clumping of cells in Vero cells while 2 (33.3%) in Hep-2c characterized by rounding up of cells. Thirty-nine (95.1%) sera were positive for measles IgG while 13 (31.7%) were positive for IgM. Thirty-six (87.8%) sera were positive for rubella IgG but none was positive for IgM. None of the sera was positive for Lassa fever virus IgG and IgM. Continue reading “Outbreak of Measles in vaccinated population in Southeastern Nigeria”

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Yellow fever in Nigeria: a review of the current situation

*1Adogo, L. Y., and 2Ogoh, M. O.
1Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bingham University, Karu, Nasarawa State, Nigeria 2Institute of Human Virology, Abuja, Nigeria *Correspondence to: adogolillian@gmail.com

Abstract:

Several African countries including Nigeria have been battling with public health challenges for decades. Nigeria is currently facing several public health emergencies including cholera, circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus infection, cerebrospinal meningitis, monkey pox, measles, Lassa fever, and Yellow fever outbreaks in some states, as well as a humanitarian crisis in the northeast region of the country. Sporadic outbreaks of Yellow fever have been occurring in the country since September 2017 involving all thirty six states of the Federation, resulting in about 90 deaths (case fatality rate of 2.2%) and 31 deaths among confirmed cases (case fatality rate of 19.0%). Although, there is currently no specific treatment for Yellow fever, vaccination with the Yellow fever vaccine provides life-long protection, and is the most important means of preventing the disease. Despite the availability of an effective vaccine, the re-emergence of Yellow fever is directly correlated with its continuous dissemination in several countries to date. Timely detection of Yellow fever and rapid response through emergency vaccination campaigns are essential for controlling outbreaks. Vector surveillance and control are important components of reducing transmission in epidemic situations. This review attempts to provide update information on the current situation of Yellow fever in Nigeria with highlights on the history, pathogenesis and diagnosis of the disease.

Key words: Yellow fever, Nigeria, Outbreaks, Mosquitoes

Received August 24, 2019; Revised September 25, 2019; Accepted September 28, 2019
Copyright 2020 AJCEM Open Access. This article is licensed and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attrition 4.0 International License (//creativecommmons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided credit is given to the original author(s) and the source.

Fièvre jaune au Nigéria: état des lieux

*1Adogo, L. Y., et 2Ogoh, M. O.
1Département des sciences biologiques, Faculté des sciences et technologies, Université de Bingham, Karu, État de Nasarawa, Nigéria 2Institut de virologie humaine, Abuja, Nigeria *Correspondance à: adogolillian@gmail.com Abstrait:
Plusieurs pays africains, dont le Nigéria, luttent contre des problèmes de santé publique depuis des décennies. Le Nigéria est actuellement confronté à plusieurs urgences de santé publique, y compris le choléra, une infection à poliovirus en circulation, une méningite cérébro-spinale, la variole du singe, la rougeole, la fièvre de Lassa et la fièvre jaune dans certains États, ainsi qu’une crise humanitaire dans le nord-est du pays. Des épidémies sporadiques de fièvre jaune se sont produites dans le pays depuis septembre 2017 dans les trente-six États de la Fédération, entraînant environ 90 décès (taux de létalité de 2,2%) et 31 décès parmi les cas confirmés (taux de létalité de 19,0%). Bien qu‟il n‟existe actuellement aucun traitement spécifique contre la fièvre jaune, la vaccination avec le vaccin contre la fièvre jaune offre une protection à vie et constitue le principal moyen de prévention de la maladie. Malgré la disponibilité d’un vaccin efficace, la réémergence de la fièvre jaune est directement corrélée à sa diffusion continue dans plusieurs pays à ce jour. La détection rapide de la fièvre jaune et une réponse rapide au moyen de campagnes de vaccination d’urgence sont essentielles pour contrôler les épidémies. La surveillance et le contrôle des vecteurs sont des éléments importants de la réduction de la transmission en situation épidémique. Cette revue tente de fournir des informations actualisées
sur la situation actuelle de la fièvre jaune au Nigéria, en mettant en évidence l’histoire, la pathogenèse et le
diagnostic de la maladie

Yellow fever update in Nigeria Afr. J. Clin. Exper. Microbiol. 2020; 21(1): 1 – 13

Mots-clés: fièvre jaune, Nigéria, épidémies, moustiques

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Yellow fever in Nigeria: a review of the current situation