Prevalence of high-risk HPV types 16 and 18 in relation to immune status and cervical cytological profile of HIV-infected women on antiretroviral therapy in northcentral Nigeria

1Ajang, A. Y., 1Ella, E. E., 1Oguntayo, A. O., 2Innocent, E., and 1Aminu, M.

1Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
1Department of Oncology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria
2Department of Histopathology, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
*Correspondence to: yakubuabubakar92@yahoo.com

Abstract:
Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a well-established causal agent of cervical cancer, and the first group of viruses to have been acknowledged to prompt carcinogenesis. They are linked with cancers of the uterine cervix, anogenital tumours, and head and neck malignancies. Cervical cancer is by far the most common HPV-related disease, with about 99% of cervical cancer cases caused by persistent genital high-risk (HR) HPVs, especially types 16 and 18. Continue reading “Prevalence of high-risk HPV types 16 and 18 in relation to immune status and cervical cytological profile of HIV-infected women on antiretroviral therapy in northcentral Nigeria”

Evidence of virological failure in patients on second-line anti-retroviral therapy in Southwestern Nigeria: an indication for HIV drug resistance testing

*Usman, S. O., Ajayi, O. M., Ebiekura, O., Egbonrelu, N., Ebhojie, G., and Ariyo, A.O
APIN Public Health Initiatives, Abuja, Nigeria

*Correspondence to: senatorhopsy@yahoo.com

Abstract:
Background: In sub-Saharan Africa where genotypic anti-retroviral (ARV) drug resistance testing is rarely performed and poor adherence is blamed for the inability to achieve viral suppression and treatment failure, programmatic approaches to preventing and handling these are essential. This study was aimed at assessing the virological outcomes among HIV patients receiving second-line anti-retroviral therapy (ART) in Southwestern Nigeria.

Methodology: This was a 5-year observational retrospective study of randomly selected people living with HIV (PLWHIV) who have been switched to second-line ART for at least six months before the commencement of the study in multiple comprehensive ART sites across the three levels of care, in Ondo and Ekiti States, Southwestern Nigeria, from January 2015 to December 2019. Quantitative viral load analysis was done using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24.0.

Results: A total of 249 (71 males and 178 females) subjects eligible for the study were recruited using simple random sampling technique. The mean age (± SD) of the subjects was 44.21 ± 11.45 years. The mean number of years the patients have been on ART regimen was 7.92 ± 2.68 years. The mean number of years the patients were on first line ART regimen before being switched to second line was 4.27 ± 2.63 years. Patients with viral load <1000 RNA copies/ml (suppressed viral load) were 216 (86.7%) out of which 113 (45.4%) had viral load <20 RNA copies/ml while 33 (13.3%) had viral load >1000 RNA copies/ml (unsuppressed viral load or virological failure).

Conclusion: About 13% of the patients on second line ART had unsuppressed viral load of more than 1000 RNA copies/ml indicating virological failure. Thus, critical factors such as poor adherence to ART and drug resistance chiefly contributing to virological failure have to be routinely checked.

Keywords: suppression, ART, resistance, virological, failure, Nigeria

Received Apr 26, 2021; Revised Jun 9, 2021; Accepted Jun 13, 2021

Copyright 2021 AJCEM Open Access. This article is licensed and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attrition 4.0 International License <a rel=”license” href=”//creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/”, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided credit is given to the original author(s) and the source.

Editor-in-Chief: Prof. S. S. Taiwo

Preuve d’échec virologique chez les patients sous traitement antirétroviral de deuxième intention dans le sud-ouest du Nigeria: une indication pour le test de résistance aux médicaments contre le VIH

*Usman, S.O., Ajayi, O.M., Ebiekura, O., Egbonrelu, N., Ebhojie, G., et Ariyo, A.O.
Initiatives de santé publique de l’APIN, Abuja, Nigéria

*Correspondance à: senatorhopsy@yahoo.com

Abstrait:
Contexte: En Afrique subsaharienne, où les tests génotypiques de résistance aux antirétroviraux (ARV) sont rarement effectués et où une mauvaise observance est imputée à l’incapacité d’obtenir la suppression virale et l’échec du traitement, des approches programmatiques pour les prévenir et les gérer sont essentielles. Cette étude visait à évaluer les résultats virologiques chez les patients VIH recevant un traitement antirétroviral (TAR) de deuxième intention dans le sud-ouest du Nigeria.

Méthodologie: Il s’agissait d’une étude rétrospective d’observation de 5 ans portant sur des personnes vivant avec le VIH (PVVIH) sélectionnées au hasard et passées à un TAR de deuxième intention pendant au moins six mois avant le début de l’étude dans plusieurs sites de TAR complets aux trois niveaux. de soins, dans les États d’Ondo et d’Ekiti, dans le sud-ouest du Nigéria, de janvier 2015 à décembre 2019. L’analyse quantitative de la charge virale a été effectuée à l’aide d’un test de réaction en chaîne par polymérase (PCR). Les données ont été analysées à l’aide du logiciel Paquet statistique pour les sciences sociales (SPSS) version 24.0.

Résultats: Un total de 249 (71 hommes et 178 femmes) sujets éligibles à l’étude ont été recrutés à l’aide d’une technique d’échantillonnage aléatoire simple. L’âge moyen (± ET) des sujets était de 44,21±11,45 ans. Le nombre moyen d’années pendant lesquelles les patients ont été sous traitement antirétroviral était de 7,92±2,68 ans. Le nombre moyen d’années pendant lesquelles les patients étaient sous traitement antirétroviral de première ligne avant de passer en deuxième ligne était de 4,27 ± 2,63 ans. Les patients avec une charge virale <1000 copies d’ARN/ml (charge virale supprimée) étaient 216 (86,7%) dont 113 (45,4%) avaient une charge virale <20 copies d’ARN/ml tandis que 33 (13,3%) avaient une charge virale >1000 ARN copies/ml (charge virale non supprimée ou échec virologique).

Conclusion: Environ 13 % des patients sous TAR de deuxième ligne avaient une charge virale non supprimée de plus de 1000 copies d’ARN/ml indiquant un échec virologique. Ainsi, les facteurs critiques tels qu’une mauvaise adhésion au TARV et la résistance aux médicaments contribuant principalement à l’échec virologique doivent être systématiquement vérifiés.

Mots clés: suppression, TAR, résistance, virologique, échec, Nigeria.

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Evidence of virological failure in patients on second-line anti-retroviral therapy in Southwestern Nigeria: an indication for HIV drug resistance testing

 

 

Long term outcomes of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV infected Nigerians and those co-infected with hepatitis B and C viruses

*1Okwuraiwe, A. P., 1Audu, R. A., 1Ige, F. A., 1Salu, O. B., 1Onwuamah, C. K., & 2Musa, A. Z.

1Centre for Human Virology and Genomics, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria 2Clinical Sciences Division, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria *Correspondence to: azukaokwu@yahoo.com; apokwuraiwe@nimr.gov.ng; +2347039303050

Abstract:
Background: HIV co-infection with hepatitis B (HBV) and/or hepatitis C virus (HCV) is common, largely due to shared routes of transmission, but paucity of data exists for long term treatment outcomes of HIV infected patients, and those co-infected with HBV and HCV despite the high burden in Nigeria. The aim of study was to describe the long-term treatment outcomes in HIV infected Nigerians and to assess the effect of HBV and HCV co-infections on long-term response to antiretroviral therapy (ART). Continue reading “Long term outcomes of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV infected Nigerians and those co-infected with hepatitis B and C viruses”

Positivity yield of HIV index testing services from selected healthcare facilities in Ondo State, southwest Nigeria

Emeh, A., *Usman, S. O., Adebanjo, A. M., Ogboghodo, E., Akinbinu, B., Suraju, A., Udechukwu, C., Ale, J., Ariyo, A., Owolagba, F. E., Jolayemi, T., and Okonkwo, P.

APIN Public Health Initiatives, Abuja, Nigeria *Correspondence to: senatorhopsy@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Index testing is a voluntary process whereby HIV seropositive clients are counselled and, after obtaining consent, their sexual and needle sharing partners are offered HIV testing services. Index testing has been associated with high HIV positivity yield. The aim of this study is to determine the positivity yield and identify factors influencing the yield from index testing strategy in selected healthcare facilities in Ondo State, southwest Nigeria. Continue reading “Positivity yield of HIV index testing services from selected healthcare facilities in Ondo State, southwest Nigeria”

Prevalence and distribution of intestinal parasite infections in HIV seropositive individuals on antiretroviral therapy in Vom, Plateau State Nigeria

PM Lar, VK Pam, Julius Ayegba, Hosea Zumbes

 

Abstract

Background: The immunologic status of an individual can determine outcomes of treatment and their capacity to combat opportunistic infections. Co-infection with other parasites will confound the situation; however there is inadequate information on the interaction of HIV and helminth infections. We wanted to establish the relationship of the immunologic status and the prevalence of intestinal parasites in HIV/AIDS patients enrolled for antiretroviral therapy at the Vom Christian health centre.

Materials & Methods: With their consent, stool samples of 205 subjects were collected and examined parasitologically by direct microscopy and concentration techniques. Their most resent CD4+ cell counts were obtained at the centre. The demographic characteristics of the subjects were determined from their response to a questionaire.

Results: Out of the 205 subjects examined 61.9% of them had various parasites with helminthes occurring in 51.9% of the cases. The age group of 31-40 years was the most significantly infected (P< 0.05). Hookworms and Schistosoma mansonii were most frequent with prevalence rates of 18.1% and 16.5% respectively. The highest prevalence of parasites occurred in HIV/AIDS people with CD4+ cells between 101-200 cells/μ and those with counts below 100 cells/al.Occupation was highly associated with parasitic infections (p< 0.05).

Conclusion: Parasitic infection remained highly prevalent among the subjects examined in spite of ART treatment and in the case of intense infection in the immunocompromised, treatment outcome may be compromised.

Keywords: HIV/AIDS, Parasites, ART, Coinfection

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Prevalence and distribution of intestinal parasite infections in HIV seropositive individuals on antiretroviral therapy in Vom, Plateau State Nigeria