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Awareness of and willingness to use pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent HIV infection among female sex workers in Anambra State, south-eastern Nigeria

1Nwagbo, E. C., 2Ekwunife, O. I., 3Mmeremikwu, A. C., and *4Ojide, C. K.

1Department of Pharmacy, Medical Services, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria

2Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria

3Department of Pharmacy, Alex-Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria

4Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria *Correspondence to: edomann2001@yahoo.com; +2348052534844

Abstract:

Background: Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a highly effective preventive measures against HIV infection but its success is strongly based on adherence, which in turn depends on willingness to use. This study is aimed at assessing the level of awareness and willingness to use PrEP to prevent HIV infection among female sex workers (FSWs) in Anambra State, Nigeria, and to identify factors that influence willingness to use PrEP. Continue reading “Awareness of and willingness to use pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent HIV infection among female sex workers in Anambra State, south-eastern Nigeria”

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Comparative gender analysis of the seroprevalence of varicella zoster virus among HIV-infected individuals receiving care at Offa, north-central Nigeria

*1Udeze, A. O., and 2Odebisi-Omokanye, M.

1Virology Unit, Department of Microbiology, University of Ilorin, P.M.B 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria

2Infectious Disease, Environmental Health and Toxicity Research Group, Department of Microbiology, University of Ilorin, P.M.B 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria            *Correspondence to: udeze.ao@unilorin.edu.ng; austok90@yahoo.com; +2348135586003

ORCiD: 0000-0002-5492-4925

Abstract:

Background: Varicella zoster virus (VZV) infections are common and contribute substantially to morbidity and mortality among HIV-infected patients. This study was conducted to determine the level of exposure, compare the gender distribution pattern and correlate with CD4 count, history of chicken pox and demographics among HIV patients.

Methodology: Blood samples were collected from 273 randomly selected HIV-positive patients (93 males and 180 females) receiving care and management at the General Hospital Offa, Kwara State, Nigeria, between September 2019 and March 2020, after obtaining informed consent. Sera were separated from the blood samples and tested for the presence of VZV-specific IgG antibodies using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Continue reading “Comparative gender analysis of the seroprevalence of varicella zoster virus among HIV-infected individuals receiving care at Offa, north-central Nigeria”

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Quality of life of people living with HIV and AIDS attending Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Edo State, Nigeria

[1]Adewuyi, B. T., and *[2],3Adewuyi, G. M.  

1Department of Family Medicine, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Edo State, Nigeria

2Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Edo State, Nigeria 3Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria

*Correspondence to: gbolawuyi@yahoo.com

 Abstract:

 Background: With the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), life expectancy of HIV-infected persons had increased and the disease is now managed as a chronic one, but the quality of life (QOL) of the patients is now a concern. Social support enhances QOL of patients with chronic illnesses. However, no study has been done to determine the QOL of people living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA) in our environment. This study therefore assessed the QOL of PLWHA attending antiretroviral therapy (ART) clinic of Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital (ISTH), Edo State of Nigeria

Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study design was used. Two hundred and thirty PLWHA attending the ART clinic of ISTH, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria, were systematically selected for the study. A structured questionnaire was interviewer-administered to collect data on sociodemographic and clinical profiles of selected participants, and the WHOQOL-HIV BREF questionnaire was used to collect data the QOL of each participant. Data were analyzed with IBM SPSS version 20.0. Continue reading “Quality of life of people living with HIV and AIDS attending Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Edo State, Nigeria”

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ESβL, AmpC and carbapenemase co-production in multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacteria from HIV-infected patients in southwestern Nigeria

*Adeyemi, F. M., and Akinde, S. B.
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria *Correspondence to: folasade.adeyemi@uniosun.edu.ng; +234 803 494 0747

Abstract:
Background: The rising global emergence of Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) producing β-lactam hydrolysing enzymes in clinical infections constitutes a growing public health threat. This study investigated the occurrence of co-production of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESβL), AmpC β-lactamases, and carbapenemases among GNB isolated from HIV-infected patients in two tertiary healthcare facilities in southwest Nigeria. Continue reading “ESβL, AmpC and carbapenemase co-production in multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacteria from HIV-infected patients in southwestern Nigeria”

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Long term outcomes of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV infected Nigerians and those co-infected with hepatitis B and C viruses

*1Okwuraiwe, A. P., 1Audu, R. A., 1Ige, F. A., 1Salu, O. B., 1Onwuamah, C. K., & 2Musa, A. Z.

1Centre for Human Virology and Genomics, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria 2Clinical Sciences Division, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria *Correspondence to: azukaokwu@yahoo.com; apokwuraiwe@nimr.gov.ng; +2347039303050

Abstract:
Background: HIV co-infection with hepatitis B (HBV) and/or hepatitis C virus (HCV) is common, largely due to shared routes of transmission, but paucity of data exists for long term treatment outcomes of HIV infected patients, and those co-infected with HBV and HCV despite the high burden in Nigeria. The aim of study was to describe the long-term treatment outcomes in HIV infected Nigerians and to assess the effect of HBV and HCV co-infections on long-term response to antiretroviral therapy (ART). Continue reading “Long term outcomes of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV infected Nigerians and those co-infected with hepatitis B and C viruses”

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Positivity yield of HIV index testing services from selected healthcare facilities in Ondo State, southwest Nigeria

Emeh, A., *Usman, S. O., Adebanjo, A. M., Ogboghodo, E., Akinbinu, B., Suraju, A., Udechukwu, C., Ale, J., Ariyo, A., Owolagba, F. E., Jolayemi, T., and Okonkwo, P.

APIN Public Health Initiatives, Abuja, Nigeria *Correspondence to: senatorhopsy@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Index testing is a voluntary process whereby HIV seropositive clients are counselled and, after obtaining consent, their sexual and needle sharing partners are offered HIV testing services. Index testing has been associated with high HIV positivity yield. The aim of this study is to determine the positivity yield and identify factors influencing the yield from index testing strategy in selected healthcare facilities in Ondo State, southwest Nigeria. Continue reading “Positivity yield of HIV index testing services from selected healthcare facilities in Ondo State, southwest Nigeria”

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Cytomegalovirus co-infection with HIV in children and adolescents on antiretroviral therapy in Abuja, Nigeria

Cytomegalovirus co-infection with HIV in children and adolescents on antiretroviral therapy in Abuja, Nigeria

1*Okechukwu, A. A., and 2Thairu, Y.
1Deparment of Paediatrics, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada, Abuja, Nigeria
2Department of Microbiology, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada, Abuja, Nigeria
Correspondence to: nebokest@yahoo.com; +2348036719906

Abstract:
Background: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is known to accelerate HIV disease progression. It has the potential of being a killer disease or a silent lifetime companion in HIV patients. There is dearth of information on CMV prevalence among HIV infected children and adolescents in our environment. We therefore conducted this study to determine its sero-prevalence, and risk factors for co-infection among HIV infected children and adolescents on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in our center.
Method: A descriptive cross sectional study of HIV-infected children and adolescents aged 2 months to 18 years on HAART was conducted over a 6 month period between October 2017 and March 2018 in our health facility. Blood samples of subjects were screened for CMV IgM using commercial test kits. Biodata of subjects, CD4 cell count, and viral load were collected into a designed proforma, and statistical analysis was done with SPSS version 22.0.
Result: A total of 161 HIV-infected children and adolescents were recruited, 103 (64.0%) were males, 83 (51.6%) were between the ages of 5 and <10 years, 113 (70.2%) were from lower socio-economic class, and 138 (85.7%) were on 1st line HAART. Of the 17 (10.6%) subjects positive for CMV IgM, 3 (17.6%) were less than 5 years old, 11 (64.7%) were between the ages of 5-10 years, and none was older than 15 years. Univariate analysis showed significant differences in the mean age, weight, length/height, and systolic blood pressure between CMV IgM positive and negative patients (p<0.05), but no significant difference in gender, socioeconomic class, types of antiretroviral drugs, CD4 cell count, and viral load (p>0.05). Multivariate analysis however did not show any significant difference in age, weight, length/height, and systolic blood pressure. Conclusion: The prevalence of active CMV infections among HIV infected children and adolescents on HAART in our centre is high. Low CD4 cell count and high viral load were not associated with active CMV disease, and no risk factor for co-infection was also identified. Identifying those with primary/active infection will be necessary for possible treatment with anti-herpes drugs before development of reactivated CMV disease.

Keywords: CMV, HIV, co-infection, anti-retroviral,  children, adolescents

Received June 27, 2019; Revised October 10, 2019; Accepted October 12, 2019

Copyright 2020 AJCEM Open Access. This article is licensed and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attrition 4.0 International License (//creativecommmons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided credit is given to the original author(s) and the source.

Co-infection par le cytomégalovirus et le VIH chez des enfants et des adolescents sous traitement antirétroviral à Abuja, au Nigéria

1*Okechukwu, A. A., et 2Thairu, Y.
1Département de pédiatrie, Hôpital universitaire de Abuja, Gwagwalada, Abuja, Nigéria 2Département de microbiologie, hôpital universitaire de Abuja, Gwagwalada, Abuja, Nigéria Correspondance à: nebokest@yahoo.com; +2348036719906

Abstrait:

Contexte: On sait que la co-infection par le cytomégalovirus (CMV) et le virus de l’immunodéficience humaine (VIH) accélère la progression de la maladie. Il a le potentiel d’être une maladie mortelle ou un compagnon
silencieux à vie chez les patients VIH. Il existe peu d’informations sur la prévalence du CMV chez les enfants et les adolescents infectés par le VIH dans notre environnement. Nous avons donc mené cette étude pour déterminer sa séroprévalence et les facteurs de risque de co-infection chez les enfants et les adolescents infectés par le VIH sous traitement antirétroviral hautement actif (HAART) dans notre centre. Méthode: Une étude transversale descriptive des enfants et adolescents infectés par le VIH et âgés de 2 mois à 18 ans sous multithérapie a été menée sur une période de 6 mois entre octobre 2017 et mars 2018 dans notre établissement de santé. Des échantillons de sang de sujets ont été testés pour l’IgM de CMV en utilisant des kits de test commerciaux. Les données biologiques des sujets, le nombre de cellules CD4 et la charge virale ont été recueillis dans un formulaire conçu à cet effet et une analyse statistique a été réalisée avec SPSS version 22.0. Résultat: 161 enfants et adolescents infectés par le VIH ont été recrutés, dont 103 (64,0%) étaient des hommes, 83 (51,6%) étaient âgés de 5 à moins de 10 ans, 113 (70,2%) étaient issus de milieux socio-économiques inférieurs. et 138 (85,7%) suivaient la multithérapie de première ligne. Sur les 17 (10,6%) sujets positifs pour l’IgM du CMV, 3 (17,6%) avaient moins de 5 ans, 11 (64,7%) étaient âgés de 5 à 10 ans et aucun n’avait plus de 15 ans. Une analyse univariée a montré des différences significatives dans l’âge moyen, le poids, la taille / taille et la pression artérielle systolique entre les patients positifs et négatifs pour IgM anti-CMV (p<0,05), mais aucune différence significative entre le sexe, la classe socio-économique, les types de médicaments antirétroviraux et les cellules CD4 nombre et charge virale (p>0,05). L’analyse multivariée n’a cependant montré aucune différence significative d’âge, de poids, de taille / taille et de pression artérielle systolique. Conclusion: La prévalence des infections à CMV actives chez les enfants et les adolescents infectés par le VIH sous HAART dans notre centre est élevée. Un faible nombre de cellules CD4 et une charge virale élevée n’étaient pas associés à la maladie à CMV active et aucun facteur de risque de co-infection n’a également été identifié. Identifier les personnes présentant une infection primaire / active sera nécessaire pour un traitement éventuel avec des médicaments anti-herpès avant le développement d’une maladie à CMV réactivée.

Mots-clés: CMV, HIV, co-infection, anti-rétroviral, Enfants, les adolescents

CMV and HIV co-infection in children Afr. J. Clin. Exper. Microbiol. 2020; 21 (1): 36 – 44

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Cytomegalovirus co-infection with HIV in children and adolescents on antiretroviral therapy in Abuja, Nigeria

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Bacteria urinary tract infection in HIV-infected children and adolescents in Abuja, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study

  1. 1Okechukwu, A. A., and 2Thairu, Y. Departments of 1Paediatrics and 2Microbiology, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada, Abuja, Nigeria
    Correspondence to: nebokest@yahoo.com; +2348036719906

Abstract:

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) remains the second commonest opportunistic infections among HIV infected children. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and causative bacteria of UTI in HIV infected children and adolescents on antiretroviral medications in our health institution. Method: The study was a cross sectional design conducted between October 2017 and March 2018 among HIV infected children and adolescents aged 2 months to 18 years on follow up attendance at the Paediatric Outpatient Special Treatment Clinic (POSTC) of University of Abuja Teaching Hospital (UATH). Early morning midstream urine was collected from each participant for urinalysis, microscopy and aerobic bacterial culture. Bacteria were identified from culture by standard microbiological methods and antibiogram of the isolates was determined by the disk diffusion method. Result: Of 166 HIV infected children and adolescents studied, 106 (63.9%) were males, 82 (49.4%) were in age group 5-10 years, and 110 (66.3%) were from lower socio-economic class. Significant bacteria (UTI) were isolated in 54 (32.5%) subjects, with 38 (70.4%) from females, and 51 (94.4%) from those on first line antiretroviral therapy. Isolates recovered were Escherichia coli 20 (37.0%), Klebsiella pneumoniae 16 (29.6%), Staphylococcus aureus 8 (14.8%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 6 (11.1%), and Proteus mirabilis 4 (7.4%). Leucocyturia in 19 (35.2%), nitrituria in 10 (18.5%), and haematuria in 15 (27.8%) subjects with significant bacteriuria were also recorded. Isolates were sensitive to ofloxacin (81.5%), nalidixic acid (74.1%) and cefuroxime (61.1%), while they were resistant to cotrimoxazole (100%), ampicillin (98.1%) and piperacillin (94.4%). Significant difference was observed in the mean CD4 cell count and viral load of subjects with significant bacteriuria compared to those without; 838.6 ± 177.8 versus 1009.9 ± 234.7 cells/μL (p=0.02), and 10, 360.5 ± 471.0 versus 5, 840.8 ± 563.8 copies/ml (p=0.003) for CD4 cell count and viral load respectively. Conclusion: This study reported a high prevalence of UTI among HIV infected children and adolescents, especially in those with high viral load. Routine screening for UTI should be offered to HIV infected children and adolescents with high viral load.

Keywords: HIV, urinary tract infection, children, adolescents

Received March 4, 2019; Revised June 22, 2019; Accepted July 13, 2019
Copyright 2019 AJCEM Open Access. This article is licensed and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attrition 4.0 International License (//creativecommmons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided credit is given to the original author(s) and the source.

Infection des voies urinaires par des bactéries chez des enfants et des adolescents infectés par le VIH à Abuja, au Nigeria: étude transversale

1Okechukwu, A. A., et 2Thairu, Y.
Départements de 1pédiatrie et 2microbiologie, Hôpital universitaire de Abuja, Gwagwalada, Abuja, Nigeria Correspondance à: nebokest@yahoo.com; +2348036719906
Bacteria UTI in HIV infected children and adolescents Afr. J. Clin. Exper. Microbiol. 2019; 20 (4): 306-314
307
Abstrait:

Contexte: L’infection des voies urinaires (UTI) reste la deuxième infection opportuniste la plus répandue chez les enfants infectés par le VIH. Cette étude a été menée pour déterminer la prévalence et la bactérie causale des infections urinaires chez les enfants et les adolescents infectés par le VIH prenant des antirétroviraux dans notre établissement de santé. Méthode: L’étude était une conception transversale menée entre octobre 2017 et mars 2018 chez des enfants et des adolescents infectés par le VIH âgés de 2 mois à 18 ans et suivis à la Clinique de traitement spécial pour enfants ambulatoires (POSTC) de l’Hôpital universitaire de Abuja (UATH) ). Des échantillons d’urine, de microscopie et de cultures bactériennes aérobies ont été recueillis chez chaque participant. Les bactéries ont été identifiées à partir de cultures par des méthodes microbiologiques standard et l’antibiogramme des isolats a été déterminé par la méthode de diffusion sur disque. Résultat: Sur 166 enfants et adolescents infectés par le VIH étudiés, 106 (63,9%) étaient des hommes, 82 (49,4%) étaient âgés de 5 à 10 ans et 110 (66,3%) appartenaient à la classe socio-économique inférieure. Des bactéries significatives (UTI) ont été isolées chez 54 sujets (32,5%), dont 38 (70,4%) de femmes et 51 (94,4%) de celles sous traitement antirétroviral de première intention. Les isolats récupérés étaient Escherichia coli 20 (37,0%), Klebsiella pneumoniae 16 (29,6%), Staphylococcus aureus 8 (14,8%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 6 (11,1%) et Proteus mirabilis 4 (7,4%). Une leucocyturie chez 19 sujets (35,2%), une nitriturie chez 10 (18,5%) et une hématurie chez 15 sujets (27,8%) présentant une bactériurie importante ont également été enregistrés. Les isolats étaient sensibles à l’ofloxacine (81,5%), à l’acide nalidixique (74,1%) et au céfuroxime (61,1%), tandis qu’ils étaient résistants au cotrimoxazole (100%), à l’ampicilline (98,1%) et à la pipéracilline (94,4%). Une différence significative a été observée entre le nombre moyen de cellules CD4 et la charge virale des sujets présentant une bactériurie significative par rapport à ceux ne présentant pas; 838,6 ± 177,8 par rapport à 1009,9 ± 234,7 cellules/μL (p = 0,02) et 10, 360,5 ± 471,0 par rapport à 5 840,8 ± 563,8 copies/ml (p = 0,003) pour le nombre de cellules CD4 et la charge virale, respectivement. Conclusion: Cette étude a révélé une prévalence élevée d’UTI chez les enfants et les adolescents infectés par le VIH, en particulier chez ceux ayant une charge virale élevée. Un dépistage systématique des infections urinaires doit être proposé aux enfants et aux adolescents à charge virale élevée infectés par le VIH

Mots-clés: VIH, infection des voies urinaires, enfants, adolescents

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Bacteria urinary tract infection in HIV-infected children and adolescents in Abuja, Nigeria a cross-sectional study

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Prevalence of HIV infection among newly admitted students in Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria

*Nworie, A., Kalu, M. E., Usanga, V. U., and Ibe, O. E.
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
*Correspondence to: nworieamos@gmail.com; Mobile: +2348100226465

Abstract:
Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the associated acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) have remained a serious scourge and a major public health concern, affecting millions in sub-Saharan Africa despite awareness campaigns, preventive measures and promotion of antiretroviral regimens. This study determined the prevalence of HIV among newly admitted students of Ebonyi State University as a measure of the impact of awareness campaign towards prevention of HIV transmission.
Methods: Newly admitted students of Ebonyi State University totalling 2,736 who voluntarily enrolled for the study were screened for HIV infection using the national HIV testing algorithm after information relating to their personal lifestyle, knowledge of safer sex and preventive measures have been obtained with the use of a client intake form.
Results: Of the 2,736 subjects screened, 6 were positive for HIV, giving a prevalence rate of 0.22%, with prevalence rate of 0.29% (4 of 1344) in females and 0.14% (2 of 1392) in males (X2=0.2041, p=0.6514). The positive subjects were spread across age groups 15-19 years (1), 20-24 years (4) and 25-29 years (1). Males and females who have had sex were 801 and 579 out of which 239 and 209 respectively acknowledged to have had unprotected sex within three months of the study.
Conclusion: The low HIV prevalence rate of 0.22% among school age and young adults in this study may indicate that awareness and safe sex campaigns in Ebonyi State have positive impact in HIV prevention amongst these groups of people.

Keywords: HIV, students, Ebonyi State University, Nigeria, prevalence, campaign

Received May 19, 2019; Revised July 15, 2019; Accepted July 16, 2019
Copyright 2019 AJCEM Open Access. This article is licensed and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attrition 4.0 International License (//creativecommmons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided credit is given to the original author(s) and the source.

Prévalence de l’infection à VIH chez les étudiants nouvellement admis à l’Université d’Ebonyi, Abakaliki, Nigéria

*Nworie, A., Kalu, M. E., Usanga, V. U., et Ibe, O. E.
Département des sciences de laboratoire médical, université d’État Ebonyi, Abakaliki, Nigéria
*Correspondance à: nworieamos@gmail.com; Mobile: +2348100226465

Abstrait:
Contexte: le virus de l’immunodéficience humaine (VIH) et le syndrome d’immunodéficience acquise (SIDA) associé restent un grave fléau et un grave problème de santé publique, touchant des millions de personnes en Afrique subsaharienne en dépit des campagnes de sensibilisation, des mesures préventives et de la promotion des schémas thérapeutiques antirétroviraux. Cette étude a déterminé la prévalence du VIH parmi les étudiants nouvellement admis à l’Université d’Ebonyi en tant que mesure de l’impact de la campagne de sensibilisation sur la prévention de la transmission du VIH.
Méthodes: Les étudiants nouvellement admis à l’Université d’Ebonyi, sur un total de 2 736 inscrits volontairement à l’étude, ont été dépistés pour l’infection à VIH à l’aide de l’algorithme national de dépistage du VIH, après que des informations relatives à leur mode de vie personnel, à leur connaissance du sexe sans risque et à des un formulaire d’admission du client.
Résultats: Sur les 2 736 sujets dépistés, 6 étaient séropositifs, soit un taux de prévalence de 0,22%, avec un taux de prévalence de 0,29% (4 sur 1344) chez les femmes et de 0,14% (2 sur 1392) chez les hommes (X2 = 0,2041, p = 0,6514). Les sujets positifs étaient répartis dans les groupes d’âge 15-19 ans (1), 20-24 ans (4) et 25-29 ans (1). Les hommes et les femmes ayant eu des rapports sexuels comptaient 801 et 579 personnes, dont 239 et 209 respectivement ont reconnu avoir eu des rapports sexuels non protégés dans les trois mois suivant l’étude.
Conclusion: Le faible taux de prévalence du VIH de 0,22% chez les enfants d’âge scolaire et les jeunes adultes dans cette étude peut indiquer que les campagnes de sensibilisation et de promotion du sexe sans risque dans l’État d’Ebonyi ont un impact positif sur la prévention du VIH parmi ces groupes de personnes

Mots-clés: VIH, étudiants, université d’Ebonyi, Nigéria, prévalence, campagne

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Prevalence of HIV infection among newly admitted students in Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria

 

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Etiologic agents of lower respiratory tract infections among patients attending tuberculosis clinic in Benin City, Nigeria

E.E. Ibadin, H.O. Ogefere, T.O. Ehondor

 

Abstract

The emergence of HIV has reawakened the tuberculosis (TB) scourge and infected patients are prone to opportunistic infections, this study was carried out to determine the HIV status and etiologic agents of Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) among tuberculosis suspected patients in Benin City, Nigeria. The study was cross sectional. A total of 276 patients attending tuberculosis clinic were recruited. Questionnaires were filled for each patient. Blood and sputum specimens were collected in plain and sterile containers respectively and transported immediately to the laboratory. Blood samples were screened for the presence of HIV antibodies. The sputum specimens were then cultured following standard microbiological procedure, and thereafter processed using the GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay. Emergent bacterial colonies were identified and susceptibility testing was carried out following standard microbiological techniques. A total of 118 (42.8%) non-mycobacterial bacterial agents were recovered from the patients. Patients were more likely to be culture positive for LRTI in comparison with TB infection (p < 0.0001). There was no association between TB and HIV status (OR = 0.6161, 95%CI = 0.226, 1.648, p = 0.4474). HIV positive patients were more likely to be culture positive for bacterial agents and Klebsiella pneumoniae was more likely to be recovered (p = 0.0338). The fluoroquinolones, gentamicin and ceftriaxone-sulbactam were the most active antibacterial agents against bacterial isolates. The prevalence of LRTI in this study was 52.2%. The study draws attention on the need for physicians to request for bacteriological culture (non-mycobacterial) alongside the TB diagnostic algorithm in suspected TB cases.

Keywords: Tuberculosis, HIV, opportunistic infections, patients, bacteria

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Etiologic agents of lower respiratory tract infections among patients attending tuberculosis clinic in Benin City, Nigeria