Antifungal susceptibility profiles and risk factors of vaginal candidiasis amongst female university students in southwest region, Cameroon

L Ane-Anyangwe, HD Meriki, SP Silum, FR Nsongomanyi, D Zofou

 

Abstract

Vaginal candidiasis (VC) is second to bacterial vaginitis, as the most common opportunistic mucosal infection that affects large numbers of otherwise healthy women of childbearing age. The incidence of VC is significantly modified by dressing patterns and aberrant health-care practices. Contemporary young women often shift their preference from skirt to trousers and leggingswhich also coincides with a rise in auto-medication and over-the-counter drugs phenomena in our communities. These could result in increased occurrence of vaginal candidiasis infection and antifungal drug resistance. This was a cross-sectional study conducted between March 2011 and August 2011 among150 female students(aged 17-29 years) of the University of Buea. Socio-demographics information, risk factors and clinical symptoms were gotten through a standard questionnaire. Vaginal swabs were collected from each participant and cultured on Sabouraud’sdextrose agar supplemented with chloramphenicol (SDA-CAF). Identification and antifungal susceptibility testing was performed following standard microbiological procedures. Of the 150 participants who submitted vaginal swabs, yeasts was isolated in 98 (65.3%). Of the 98 yeasts isolates, 73.5% were Candida species, mainly C. albicans (65.3%). Overhalf (64.7%) ofstudyparticipantshadapreferencefortrousers,however, this attitude was not significantly associated (p = 0.559) with candidiasis.Previous episodes of vaginal infection and treatment for candidiasis were significantly associated with VC (p = 0.004). Antifungal susceptibility results showed a high resistance to fluconazole (82.0%), nystatin (80.0%) and ketoconazole (72.0%), while clotrimazole (50.0%) was the most activeantifungal drug. There was a high prevalence of VC in this study population with previous vaginal infectionbeing important risk factor for reoccurrence. Clotrimazole was the drug of choice in the treatment of VC in this population.

Key words: vaginal candidiasis, risk factors, antifungal susceptibility profiles

French Abstract

La candidose vaginale (CV) est la deuxième infection opportuniste de la muqueuse la plus fréquente (après la vaginite bactérienne) qui affecte un grand nombre de femmes en âge de procréer. L’incidence de la CV est affectée de façon significative par certaines habitudes vestimentaires et pratiques de soins de santé « aberrante »s. Chez les jeunes femmes contemporaines, les pantalons et leggings sont de plus en plus préférés aux jupes, ce qui coïncide aussi avec une augmentation du phénomène d’automédication dans nos communautés. Ces deux facteurs pourraient entraîner une augmentation de la prévalence de l’infection à Candida vaginale et la résistance aux antifongiques. La présente étude transversale a été menée entre Mars et Août 2011 portait sur 150 étudiantes âgées de 17 à 29 ans, à l’Université de Buea (Cameroun). Elle avait pour objectifs majeurs d’évaluer les profils de sensibilité aux antifongiques ainsi que les facteurs de risque de candidose vaginale chez les étudiantes universitaires. Les données sociodémographiques, informations sur les facteurs de risque et les symptômes cliniques ont été explores à l’aide d’un questionnaire semi-structuré. Des spécimens vaginaux ont été prélevés dans chaque participante et soumis à une culture sur le dextrose gélose de Sabouraud supplémenté par le chloramphénicol (SDA-CAF). Les tests d’identification et de sensibilité antifongique ont été réalisés suivant des procédures microbiologiques standard. Parmi les 150 participants qui ont soumis des prélèvements vaginaux, des levures ont été isolées de 98 personnes (65,3%). Sur les 98 levures isolées, 73,5% étaient des espèces de Candida, principalement C. albicans(65,3%). Plus de la moitié des participants (64.7%) ont exprimé des préférences pour les pantalons et autres styles vestimentaires émergents. Cependant, de telles attitudes n’ont pas paru statistiquement associées à l’occurrence des candidoses au sein de la population ciblée (p = 0.559). Des précédents épisodes d’infection vaginale et le traitement de la candidose reportés par les participantes étaient significativement associés à CV (p = 0,004). Les résultats de sensibilité antifongiques ont montré une grande résistance au Fluconazole (82,0%), Nystatine (80,0%) et Kétoconazole (72,0%), tandis que le Clotrimazole (50,0%) était le médicament antifongique le plus actif. Il y avait une forte prévalence de CV dans cette population d’étude avec infection vaginale précédente étant facteur de risque important pour la répétition. Le Clotrimazole s’est avéré comme étant le médicament de choix dans le traitement des CV dans cette population, malgré la forte résistance.

Mots clés: Candidose Vaginale, facteurs de risque, les profils de sensibilité aux antifongiques

Download full journal in PDF below

Antifungal susceptibility profiles and risk factors of vaginal candidiasis amongst female university students in southwest region, Cameroon

The etiology and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of urinary tract infections at a private Nigerian teaching hospital in South West Nigeria

C.J. Elikwu, E.O. Shobowale, O.Y. Oluyemi, D.O. Afolabi, D.A. Aderinto, K.I. Onyedibe, A.U. Solarin

 

Abstract

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTI’s) are among the commonest bacterial infectious disease in clinical practice with a wide range of etiologic agents. It frequently occurs in both the hospital and the community.

Aims/Objectives: To determine the etiology of UTI at BUTH and obtain data on their susceptibility and resistance patterns.

Methods: This was a prospective analysis of data on patients with UTI obtained from in and outpatients over a six month period. Samples had been obtained by clean catch mid-stream urine or suprapubic aspiration. The organisms had been
identified by biochemical methods with susceptibility and resistance testing performed. Data analysis was with EPI-INFO version 3.5.1

Results: There were a total of 200 urine samples that had positive growth. Prevalent organisms were Escherichia coli (48%) and Klebsiella spp (24%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (10%) and Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (6.5%). The risk factors for UTI were female gender (p = 0.00), Diabetes mellitus (p = 0.03) and genitourinary surgery (p = 0.04). Effective antibiotics in-vitro to Escherichia coli were Nitrofurantoin and Cefepime at 84.8% and 92.3% respectively; while Cotrimoxazole performed poorly (32.5% susceptibility).

Conclusion: Urinary tract infections are an important cause of morbidity in our environment and inaccuracies in diagnosis will prolong morbidity and may lead to costly and unsafe treatments.The prevalent pathogens in our environment are the Gram negative bacilli, Escherichia coli andKlebsiella pneumoneae. Nitrofurantoin retains efficacy to both urinary pathogens.

Keywords: Urinary Tract Infection, Catheterization, Escherichia coli, Risk factors, Nitrofurantoin

Download full journal in PDF below

The etiology and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of urinary tract infections at a private Nigerian teaching hospital in South West Nigeria

Risk factors for Hepatitis C virus antibody seropositivity among children with sickle cell anaemia in Ilorin, Nigeria

CE Onuchukwu, A Ojuawo, SK Ernest

 

Abstract

Background: Hepatitis C is an infectious disease of the liver caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) resulting to a chronic hepatitis. Chronic HCV infection constitutes a serious public health challenge in Nigeria where donor blood is not routinely screened for HCV. Patients with sickle cell anaemia (SCA) are considered a subset of the population at higher
risk of acquiring the virus, due to their frequent needs for transfusion of blood and its products. Other risk factors like scarification markings, tattooing, and circumcision also predispose children to acquiring this infection. However, the magnitude of HCV infection has not been adequately measured in our general population and specific data on HCV in SCA patients are scanty, hence a prospective case controlled study to determine the risk factors that predispose to the acquisition of hepatitis C Virus infection.
Objective: To determine the risk factors for Hepatitis C Virus Antibody Seropositivity among transfused children with SCA in Ilorin.
Subjects and Method: Eighty two transfused SCA children aged 6 months to 14 years were recruited consecutively from February 2008 to January 2009 while eighty four non transfused SCA children of the same age range recruited over the same period served as controls. Hepatitis C virus Antibody screening was done using a second generation ELISA method. Information on the study population were collected by use of a pretested questionnaire by the investigator.
Results: There was a positive correlation between numbers of units of blood transfused and seropositivity. Those who had three or more units of blood had a prevalence rate of more than 50%. There was a strong correlation between seropositivity and scarification marks in both subjects and controls (p=0.001 and 0.02 respectively). Other plausible risk factors for hepatitis C infection tested in this study included circumcision and sharing of clippers which showed no statistically significant difference. No cases of tattooing, drug abuse, needle sharing or sexual activities were seen in this study.
Conclusion: Transfused SCA patients belong to a high risk group for hepatitis C virus infection compared to the non transfused population. The risk of acquisition increases with higher number of transfusions and scarifications marks.

Key words: Hepatitis C virus, Sickle cell anaemia, Risk factors, Blood transfusion.

Download full journal in PDF below

Risk factors for Hepatitis C virus antibody seropositivity among children with sickle cell anaemia in Ilorin, Nigeria

 

Risk factors of cervical intraepithelial lesion in Douala-Cameroon: Implications of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2, Chlamydia Trachomatis and Treponema Pallidum

NRR Dongang, MML Koanga, NAR Ngono, M Wankam, NG Djiakam, B Djimeli, E Fossi, EC Brulet, PH Amvam Zollo

 

Abstract

Infection with high risk oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) such as HPVs 16 and 18 is the main cause of cervical cancer. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of Chlamydia trachomatis, Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV 2), Treponema pallidum and some sexual behaviour on malignant progression of cervical lesion in Douala, Cameroon. From July 2009 to January 2010, we performed routine cervical smears to 163 consenting women, who completed a questionnaire on risk factors of cervical cancer. Blood samples were obtained for each of these women and used for the detection of antibodies against Chlamydia trachomatis, HSV 2 and Treponema pallidum. Results obtained showed that 26/163 (17 LSIL and 9 HSIL) of women had abnormal cytology, 75.5% (123/163) had HSV 2 infection, 19% (31/163) infected by Chlamydia trachomatis and 4.3% (7/163) infected by Treponema pallidum. Among the LSIL-positive women 35.3% (6/17) and 94.1% (16/17) were infected with Chlamydia trachomatis and HSV 2 respectively. Among those with HSIL cytology, 22.2% (2/9), 66.7% (6/9) and 11.1% (1/9) respectively had Chlamydia trachomatis, HSV 2 and Treponema pallidum. High parity and pregnancy rate was observed among women with positive cytology. Our finding shown high rate of cervical abnormalities among women infected with HSV 2; and among those with a higher number of parities and pregnancies. These results suggest that further investigations should be made in Cameroon to access real burden of these risk factors in the progression and persistence of cervical lesion.

Key words: risk factors, cervical cancer, HSV 2, Chlamydia trachomatis, sexually transmitted infections.

Risk factors of cervical intraepithelial lesion in Douala-Cameroon Implications of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2, Chlamydia Trachomatis and Treponema Pallidum

Toxoplasma antibodies amongst HIV/AIDS patients attending the University Teaching Hospital Yaounde in Cameroon

JCN Assob, AL Njunda, DS Nsagha, HL Kamga, PE Weledji, VB Che

 

Abstract

Toxoplasmosis is caused by an obligatory intracellular protozoon. It causes a wide range of diseases with toxoplasma encephalitis commonly encountered in HIV/AIDS patients. This work was carried out to determine the seroprevalence of toxoplasma antibodies (IgM and IgG) in HIV/AIDS patients attending the Yaoundé University Teaching Hospital (UTH) in Cameroon. Sera were collected from 133 HIV/AIDS patients at the out-patient department and the ELISA technique was employed serologically to determine toxoplasma antibodies. Of the 133 patients 83 (62.4%) were females and 59 (37.6%) were males; ninety three (69.9%) were positive for toxoplasma antibodies. Fourteen (10.8%) of the 93 of seropositive patients presented with both IgG and IgM-antibodies in their sera while fifty six (42.1%) and 8 (6.0%) were only sero-positive for toxoplasma IgG or IgM-antibody respectively This rate of infection was not dependent on the patient’s sex or age (X2=11.49, P>0.05). The data provides enough evidence to conclude that 64.7% of the positive cases were due to reactivated infection.

Key words: Toxoplasmosis, HIV/AIDS, Pregnancy, Risk factors, Prevalence, Yaounde, Cameroon.

Toxoplasma antibodies amongst HIVAIDS patients attending the University Teaching Hospital Yaounde in Cameroon

Seroprevalence and risk factors of Hepatitis C Virus in patients and blood donors in Kano, Nigeria

O Azeez-Akande, A Sarki, E.E Wokedi, A Olabode, P Alabi

 

Abstract

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic liver disease resulting in cirrhosis and hepatocarcinoma. It is believed to be widespread in Africa but its epidemiology is incomplete and is yet to be determined in many areas of the sub-saharan Africa including Nigeria. Using third generation enzyme immuno-assay (EIA-3) and recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA) technique as confirmatory test, we examined the prevalence of HCV antibodies in 226 blood donors and 226 patients attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH) in Kano, Nigeria and evaluated the risk factors of HCV transmission in this environment. HCV antibodies were detected in 0.4% and 2.2% blood donors and patients respectively. The overall HCV seroprevalence was 1.3%. There was increased infection acquisition with increasing age; one (16.7%) HCV infection occurred in 25-34 years age group and 5 or 83.3% in subjects > 45 years in age which was significant (P< 0.05). The ratio of infection in male to female was 1:5. Evidence of previous exposure via transfusion was common in HCV seropositive subjects and could be a major risk factor of acquisition in this environment. Adequate screening of blood products in sub- Saharan Africa (Nigeria inclusive) may minimize the risk of HCV transmission and associated health complications.

Key words: Hepatitis C virus, seroprevalence, patients, blood donors, risk factors.

Download full journal in PDF below

Seroprevalence and risk factors of Hepatitis C Virus in patients and blood donors in Kano Nigeria