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Active tuberculosis among adult HIV-infected patients accessing antiretroviral therapy in a tertiary health facility in Lafia, northcentral Nigeria

*1Audu, E. S., 2Adiukwu, C., 3Bello, S., 4Abdulmajid, S., 4Anyuabaga, B., 5Ashuku, Y. A., and 6Anazodo, M.

1Department of Medical Microbiology/Special Treatment Clinic, Dalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital, Lafia

2Department of Internal Medicine, Dalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital, Lafia

3Department of Paediatrics/Special Treatment Clinic, Dalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital, Lafia

4Special Treatment Clinic, Dalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital, Lafia

5College of Medicine, Federal University, Lafia

6Research Unit, Dalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital, Lafia

*Correspondence to: estanamo@gmail.com

Abstract:
Background: Tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) co-infection is a major problem in Nigeria and other countries that are ravaged by a high burden of both diseases. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that the risk of developing active tuberculosis (TB) among people living with HIV is 16-27 times that of HIV negative persons. Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) reduces the risk of developing TB, there are factors which predispose those on ART to TB. This study sought to determine the prevalence of TB among adults on ART in our facility and identify the predisposing factors.

Methodology: This was a retrospective study utilizing data from clinical records (folders and electronic) of adult HIV patients who are accessing ART in our facility and have been on ART for at least 6 months. A proforma was used to collect data including demographic, clinical, ART and laboratory information of the patients. The data were entered into SPSS version 23 and analyzed using descriptive statistics and bivariate analysis. Associations were tested using Chi square with 95% confidence level.

Results: A total of 457 patients were studied, aged 18-69 years (mean age 38.3± 10 years), and 72.4% females. Majority were married (81%), unemployed (53.8%), had mean baseline CD4 cell count of 267.4 ± 185 cells/mm3 and a mean duration on ART of 100.9± 39 months. Seventeen point three percent of the patients had a previous history of TB before or within 6 months of commencement of ART. Thirteen (2.8%) of the patients had active TB while on ART. Majority of those who had active TB were females (76.9%), married (76.9%), unemployed (46%), had no previous history of TB (53.8%), baseline CD4 cell count of ≤ 350 cells/mm3 and were on first line ART medication. There was however no significant statistical association of active TB with any of these factors.

Conclusion: Few patients had active TB while on ART in this study. The high frequency of TB in those who had low baseline CD4 cell count and baseline WHO stage shows the importance of early initiation of ART in people living with HIV (PLHIV). There is need for regular screening of PLHIV for TB and innovative approaches to get people with HIV to know their TB status as well as early commencement of ART.

Keywords: Human immunodeficiency virus, Active Tuberculosis, Antiretroviral therapy.

Received Dec 9, 2019; Revised March 15, 2020; Accepted March 18, 2020

Copyright 2020 AJCEM Open Access. This article is licensed and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attrition 4.0 International License <a rel=”license” href=”http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/”, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided credit is given to the original author(s) and the source.

Tuberculose active chez des patients adultes infectés par le VIH ayant accès à un traitement antirétroviral dans un établissement de santé tertiaire à Lafia, au centre-nord du Nigéria

*1Audu, E. S., 2Adiukwu, C., 3Bello, S., 4Abdulmajid, S., 4Anyuabaga, B., 5Ashuku, Y. A., et 6Anazodo, M. Continue reading “Active tuberculosis among adult HIV-infected patients accessing antiretroviral therapy in a tertiary health facility in Lafia, northcentral Nigeria”

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Assessment of the performance of six in vitro diagnostic kits for qualitative detection of hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) in human serum or plasma in Lomé, Togo

*1,2Salou, M., 1Ehlan, A., 2Dossim, S., 1Ali-Edje, K., 1Ouro-Medeli, A., 1Douffan, M., and 1,3Dagnra, A.

1National Reference Center for HIV and STIs (CNR HIV/STI)

2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Lomé, Togo

3Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Lomé, Togo *Correspondence to: mounerous@gmail.com, msalou@univ-lome.tg

Abstract:
Background: Several in vitro diagnostic (IVD) test kits for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) are commercially available. The question is whether they are performing well for both screening and diagnosis or not? Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the performance of six commercially available HBsAg detection kits in Togo.

Methods: This study was conducted at the National Reference Center for HIV/STI testing in Lomé (CNR-VIH/IST), Togo. Reference sera used for the assessment were collected from blood donors and patients with history of hepatitis B viral (HBV) infection between 2008 and 2014, and includes 200 non-reactive HBsAg and 150 reactive HBsAg sera that were confirmed with a reference method which consisted of the combination of an ELISA, a RDT, and a molecular test. Four ELISA kits (EKOlab ELISA-HBsAg; HEPALISA ULTRA; HEPALISA; Murex AgHBs Version 3) and two RDTs kits (ACON AgHBs and OnSite HBsAg Rapid Test-Cassette) were then evaluated using these serum samples. The EPI-INFO software version 7.2 was used to determine the 95% confidence interval and performed statistical analysis.

Results: Reference serum samples were collected from the population with 65.0% under 40 years of age and 61.2% males. The sensitivity of the 4 ELISA tests compared to the reference method was 100%. Apart from the HEPALISA test with a specificity of 100.0%, the specificity of the other three ELISA tests (Murex HBsAg version 3, HEPALISA ULTRA and EKOlab ELISA-HBsAg) were 98.4%, 97.3% and 91.8% respectively. For the RDTs, the sensitivity of ACON HBsAg and OnSite HBsAg Rapid Test-Cassette was 70.0% and 95.6% respectively while the specificity was 100.0% for both.

Conclusion: The ELISA tests evaluated were more sensitive than the RDTs, and HEPALISA test was the most efficient. Of the two RDTs, the OnSite HBsAg Rapid Test-Cassette was more sensitive. Our findings highlight the need for onsite verification of in vitro diagnostic kits for qualitative detection of hepatitis B surface antigen before their routine use in Togo.

Keywords: HBV, HBsAg, Performance, IVD test

Received Aug 16, 2019; Revised March 27, 2020; Accepted March 28, 2020

Copyright 2020 AJCEM Open Access. This article is licensed and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attrition 4.0 International License <a rel=”license” href=”http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/”, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided credit is given to the original author(s) and the source.

Évaluation des performances de six kits de diagnostic in vitro pour la détection qualitative de l’antigène de surface du virus de l’hépatite B (HBsAg) dans le sérum ou le plasma humain à Lomé, Togo

*1,2Salou, M., 1Ehlan, A., 2Dossim, S., 1Ali-Edje, K., 1Ouro-Medeli, A., 1Douffan, M., et 1,3Dagnra, A. Continue reading “Assessment of the performance of six in vitro diagnostic kits for qualitative detection of hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) in human serum or plasma in Lomé, Togo”

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Laboratory survey of extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae from selected tertiary hospitals in south-eastern Nigeria

*1Ugah, U. I., and 2Udeani, T. K.

1Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike 2Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus *Correspondence to: uchenna.ugah@funai.edu.ng; +2347062154353

Abstract:

Background: Extended spectrum beta-lactamases are produced by Gram-negative bacteria and most strains producing them belong to the family Enterobacteriaceae. The greatest challenge with ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae is their propensity to acquire multidrug resistance traits. This study aimed at determining the prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae among selected tertiary hospitals in south-eastern Nigeria.

Methods: A total of 400 Enterobacteriaceae isolates were obtained from patients attending five selected tertiary hospitals and were identified to species level by Gram staining and conventional biochemical tests. Screening for ESBL production was determined by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method using 30μg disk of ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, cefpodoxime, ceftazidime, and aztreonam while confirmatory test was done using combination disk test based on the 2016 CLSI guidelines.

Results: The prevalence of ESBL production among Enterobacteriaceae isolates from selected hospitals in southeast Nigeria is 61.5% (246 of 400). Among the isolates obtained, the highest prevalence was observed in Klebsiella oxytoca (100%) while the least prevalence was seen in Morganella morganii (50.0%). Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae had rates of 61.8% and 62.3% respectively. Among the States of the south-east Nigeria, selected hospital in Ebonyi had a prevalence of 83.5%, Abia 63.6%, Anambra 61.5%, Enugu 51.7% and Imo 36.5%. The prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae differ significantly between the States (p=0.000).

Conclusion: ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae strains have been isolated from different participants, from the selected tertiary hospitals in south-eastern Nigeria. Therefore, we report a high prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in south-eastern Nigeria.

Keywords: ESBL, Enterobacteriaceae, resistant strains, southeast Nigeria

Received Feb 12, 2020; Revised March 27, 2020; Accepted March 28, 2020

Copyright 2020 AJCEM Open Access. This article is licensed and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attrition 4.0 International License <a rel=”license” href=”http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/”, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided credit is given to the original author(s) and the source.

Enquête en laboratoire sur les entérobactéries productrices de bêta-lactamases à spectre étendu de certains hôpitaux tertiaires du sud-est du Nigéria

*1Ugah, U. I., et 2Udeani, T. K. Continue reading “Laboratory survey of extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae from selected tertiary hospitals in south-eastern Nigeria”

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Antifungal susceptibility and detection of mutant ERG11 gene in vaginal Candida isolates in University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, Uyo, Nigeria

Ikenyi, C. L., *Ekuma, A. E., and Atting, I. A.

Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria

*Correspondence to: agantemekuma@uniuyo.edu.ng; +2348023075572

Abstract:
Background: Candida vulvovaginitis is an important cause of morbidity among women. Fluconazole and other azoles are among the commonest antifungal agents used for the treatment of this condition. Azole resistance among Candida species is an increasing problem, and mutations in the ERG11 gene is the commonest cause of fluconazole resistance in Candida. The objectives of this study are to determine antifungal susceptibility of vaginal Candida isolates and detect carriage of mutant ERG11 gene by them.

Methods: High vaginal swabs obtained from 260 participants were cultured on Saboraud’s Dextrose agar (SDA) for isolation of Candida, and identified by growth on CHROMagar Candida, germ tube and carbohydrate fermentation tests. Antifungal susceptibility to fluconazole, voriconazole, nystatin and flucytosine was determined by the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method on supplemented Mueller Hinton agar. ERG11 gene was detected by conventional singleplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay.

Results: Candida was isolated from 126 of 260 (48.5%) participants, and the identified species were Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilopsis and Candida famata. There were 112 (88.9%) isolates susceptible to fluconazole, 122 (96.8%) to voriconazole, 111 (88.1%) to nystatin, and 16 (6.6%) to flucytosine. The mutant ERG11 gene was detected in all four fluconazole-resistant isolates but not from any of five randomly selected fluconazole susceptible dose dependent (SDD) isolates.

Conclusion: Azole resistance among Candida in this environment is associated with mutant ERG11 gene expression.

Keywords: antifungi, fluconazole, Candida, ERG11, PCR

Received March 6, 2020; Revised April 22, 2020; Accepted April 24, 2020

Copyright 2020 AJCEM Open Access. This article is licensed and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attrition 4.0 International License <a rel=”license” href=”http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/”, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided credit is given to the original author(s) and the source.

Sensibilité antifongique et détection du gène ERG11 mutant dans des isolats vaginaux de Candida à l’hôpital universitaire de Uyo, Uyo, Nigéria

Ikenyi, C. L., *Ekuma, A. E., et Atting, I. A.
Département de microbiologie médicale et de parasitologie, Université d’Uyo, Uyo, Nigéria *Correspondance à: agantemekuma@uniuyo.edu.ng; +2348023075572

Abstrait:
Contexte: La vulvovaginite à Candida est une cause importante de morbidité chez les femmes. Le fluconazole et d’autres azoles sont parmi les agents antifongiques les plus couramment utilisés pour le traitement de cette condition. La résistance à l’azole chez les espèces de Candida est un problème croissant, et les mutations du gène ERG11 sont la cause la plus fréquente de résistance au fluconazole chez Candida. Les objectifs de cette étude sont de déterminer la sensibilité antifongique des isolats vaginaux de Candida et de détecter le transport du gène ERG11 mutant par eux.

Méthodes: Des écouvillons vaginaux élevés obtenus auprès de 260 participants ont été cultivés sur gélose Dextrose de Saboraud (SDA) pour l’isolement de Candida, et identifiés par croissance sur CHROMagar Candida, tube germinatif et tests de fermentation des glucides. La sensibilité antifongique au fluconazole, au voriconazole, à la nystatine et à la flucytosine a été déterminée par la méthode de diffusion sur disque de Kirby Bauer sur de la gélose Mueller Hinton complétée. Le gène ERG11 a été détecté par un test classique de réaction en chaîne par polymérase (PCR).

Résultats: Candida a été isolé sur 126 des 260 participants (48,5%), et les espèces identifiées étaient Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilopsis et Candida famata. Il y avait 112 (88,9%) isolats sensibles au fluconazole, 122 (96,8%) au voriconazole, 111 (88,1%) à la nystatine et 16 (6,6%) à la flucytosine. Le gène ERG11 mutant a été détecté dans les quatre isolats résistants au fluconazole, mais pas dans aucun des cinq isolats dépendants de la dose (SDD) sensibles au fluconazole sélectionnés au hasard.

Conclusion: la résistance à l’azole chez Candida dans cet environnement est associée à l’expression du gène ERG11 mutant.

Mots-clés: antifongiques, fluconazole, Candida, ERG11, PCR

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Antifungal susceptibility and detection of mutant ERG11 gene in vaginal Candida isolates in University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, Uyo, Nigeria

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Qualitative evaluation of the antimicrobial efficacy of UV sterilization chambers employed by barbershops in Benin City, Nigeria

*1Adebiyi, K. S., 1Emeka-Ifebi, A., 2Ogbonnaya., M. J., and 1Isiekwene, A. C.

1Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
2Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Abakaliki, Nigeria

*Correspondence to: adebiyisalem@gmail.com; +2348138084808

Abstract:
Background: Barbershops where men and boys’ hair are cut or shaved, have been implicated in the transmission of pathogens. With this growing concern, barbers are now acquiring and employing UV sterilization chambers to re-assure customers of the safety of their instrument. This study investigated the qualitative efficacy of the UV sterilization chambers employed by selected barbers in Benin City, Nigeria.

Methods: Swab samples of instruments (clippers, combs and brushes) were collected from 30 barbershops randomly selected from 6 Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Benin City before and after exposure to UV sterilization chambers employed by each barbershop. Standard microbiology techniques were employed to culture and identify the microbial (bacteria and fungi) isolates.

Results: A total of 15 genera of microorganisms (8 bacteria and 7 fungi) were identified. Three bacterial genera (Staphylococcus sp., Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp.) and 5 fungi genera (Aspergillus sp., Mucor sp., Rhizopus sp., Trichophyton sp. and Penicillium sp) were isolated from sampled instruments at the barbershops in all 6 LGAs. Evaluation of efficacy of the UV sterilization chambers showed that all microbial isolates survived exposure time of 1 min. Antimicrobial efficacy of the UV chamber increases with longer duration (time) of exposure and decreases with the age of UV chambers, with chamber of 5-6 years old being least efficacious.

Conclusion: This study confirms the presence of myriads of microorganisms including pathogenic strains on instruments used in barbershops within Benin City. It is recommended that exposure of 60 mins is the ideal duration for UV sterilization chambers used in barbershops and barbers in Benin City should endeavor to replace their UV chambers after continual use for a period of 3 years.

Keywords: microbes, antimicrobial efficacy, UV sterilization, barbershop, Benin City

Received March 1, 2020; Revised April 25, 2020; Accepted April 27, 2020 Copyright 2020 AJCEM Open Access.

This article is licensed and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attrition 4.0 International License <a rel=”license” href=”http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/”, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided credit is given to the original author(s) and the source.

Évaluation qualitative de l’efficacité antimicrobienne des chambres de stérilisation UV utilisées par les salons de coiffure à Benin City, Nigéria

*1Adebiyi, K. S., 1Emeka-Ifebi, A., 2Ogbonnaya., M. J., et 1Isiekwene, A. C. Continue reading “Qualitative evaluation of the antimicrobial efficacy of UV sterilization chambers employed by barbershops in Benin City, Nigeria”

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Antibiogram of Pseudomonas isolates and potential public health impact of an abattoir effluent in Benin City, Nigeria

*Odjadjare, E. E. O., and Ebowemen, M. J.

Environmental, Public Health and Bioresource Microbiology Research Group (EPHBIOMREG), Department of Biological Sciences, Benson Idahosa University, P.M.B. 1100 Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria

*Correspondence to: eodjadjare@biu.edu.ng

Abstract:
Background: Bacteria from abattoir wastes are often linked to livestock carcasses previously exposed to continuous antimicrobial use and misuse; thereby creating opportunity for community spread of multidrug resistant (MDR) strains such as Pseudomonas spp. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibiogram of Pseudomonas isolates and bacteriological quality of an abattoir effluent in lieu of its potential public health impact.

Methodology: Water samples were collected weekly for six weeks from discharge point (DP) of the abattoir effluent, effluent receiving canal confluence point (CP), and 500 m upstream (US) and 500 m downstream (DS) from points where CP made contact with the Ikpoba River, Benin City, Nigeria. Bacteria spp. were isolated, enumerated (heterotrophic bacterial plate, coliform, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas counts) and identified using standard microbiological techniques. Identity of Pseudomonas isolates was confirmed by PCR while antibiogram of selected isolates was evaluated and interpreted according to the disk diffusion method of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI).

Results: Heterotrophic bacteria plate counts (HPC) varied from 1.1×103 ± 0.28 CFU/ml to 1.95×106 ± 0.48 CFU/ml; total coliform counts ranged between 0.0 and 1.2×106 ± 0.28 CFU/ml while mean E. coli count varied from 0.0 to 4.9×105 ± 0.49 CFU/ml, and Pseudomonas counts were between 0.0 to 1.4×103 CFU/ml. The selected strains of Pseudomonas spp (n=50) showed resistance to oxacillin (100%), vancomycin (52%), tetracycline (50%), gentamycin (26%) and ceftriaxone (20%), while they were sensitive to ceftazidime (82%), ofloxacin (80%) and amikacin (74%). MDR phenotype was observed in 9 (18%) of the test isolates.

Conclusion: The study revealed that untreated abattoir effluent was a considerable source of MDR Pseudomonas spp. among other bacteriological pollutants (e.g. HPC, coliform and E. coli) that could compromise the quality of the receiving river in lieu of public health concerns of riverside communities that depend on this vital water resource for their subsistence.

Keywords: Pseudomonas, MDR,  antibiogram, abattoir effluent, public health

Received March 16, 2020; Revised April 24, 2020; Accepted April 26, 2020

Copyright 2020 AJCEM Open Access. This article is licensed and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attrition 4.0 International License <a rel=”license” href=”http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/”, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided credit is given to the original author(s) and the source.

 

Antibiogramme des isolats de Pseudomonas et impact potentiel sur la santé publique d’un effluent d’abattoir à Benin City, Nigeria

*Odjadjare, E. E. O., et Ebowemen, M. J.

Groupe de recherche sur l’environnement, la santé publique et la microbiologie des bioressources (EPHBIOMREG), Département des sciences biologiques, Université Benson Idahosa, P.M.B. 1100 Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria Continue reading “Antibiogram of Pseudomonas isolates and potential public health impact of an abattoir effluent in Benin City, Nigeria”

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Rifampicin resistant tuberculosis among patients attending General Hospital, Kagarko, Kaduna State, Nigeria

*1Bitet D. E., 2Kumurya, S. A., 3Joseph, L., and 4Bathelomow, P.

*1General Hospital, Zango Kataf, Ministry of Health and Human Services, Kaduna State, Nigeria

2Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Science, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria

3Quality Control Unit, Directorate of Diagnostic Services, Ministry of Health, Gombe State 4General Hospital, Kagarko, Ministry of Health and Human Services, Kaduna State, Nigeria

*Correspondence to: ezekieldogobetet@ymail.com; +2348036523901

Abstract:
Background: The National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control Program (NTBLCP) in collaboration with Koninklijke Nederlandse Centrale Vereniging tot bestrijding der tuberculose (KNCV) (Dutch Tuberculosis Foundation) and National Agency for Control of AIDS (NACA) installed and equipped many health centres in Kaduna State, Nigeria with modern diagnostic tools (GeneXpert) to offer molecular services for the rapid detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) and rifampin resistance.

Methodology: This study analyzed routine samples from patients attending General Hospital Kagarko, from September 2016 to March 2019 with total samples of 1056 from 1056 patients. The GeneXpert machine was used for the rapid detection of M. tuberculosis and rifampin resistance (RIF) from all the sputum samples received in the clinical laboratory department of the hospital.

Results: A total of 182 (17.2%) samples tested positive for M. tuberculosis out of which 5 (2.7%) were resistant to rifampicin. Males were more frequently affected with a prevalence of 23% than females with a rate of 10.7% (X2=27.801, p=0.0001). RIF was detected in 3 male and 2 female patients (p=1.000). The prevalence of MTB was highest in the age group 36-45 years (23%) and age group 26-35 years (20.3%) and lowest in age group 5-15 years with 10.9% (t=0.599, p=0.55).

Conclusion: There is need for the GeneXpert technology to be replicated in other health centers across the state and the country at large to reduce the burden of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in Nigeria.

Keywords: RIF resistance, MDR-TB, GeneXpert, Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Received November 14, 2019; Revised April 21, 2020; Accepted April 23, 2020

Copyright 2020 AJCEM Open Access. This article is licensed and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attrition 4.0 International License <a rel=”license” href=”http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/”, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided credit is given to the original author(s) and the source.

Tuberculose résistante à la rifampicine chez les patients de l’hôpital général de Kagarko, État de Kaduna, Nigéria

*1Bitet D. E., 2Kumurya, S. A., 3Joseph, L., et 4Bathelomow, P. Continue reading “Rifampicin resistant tuberculosis among patients attending General Hospital, Kagarko, Kaduna State, Nigeria”

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Corrigendum: Prevalence and factors associated with Helicobacter pylori infection among treatment naïve dyspeptic adults in University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria

1Odigie, A. N., *2Adewole, A. J., and 2Ekunwe, A. A.
1Edo State Hospital Management Board, Benin City, Nigeria
2Department of Family Medicine, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, PMB 1111, Benin City, Nigeria

*Correspondence to: afolabi.adewole74@gmail.com; +2348037222755

Corrigendum to: Odigie et al. Afr. J. Clin. Exper. Microbiol. 2020; 21 (2): 97 – 105; https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v21i2.3

In their published article, the authors detected errors with the initials and address of the first author. These errors have been corrected as appropriate.

Prévalence et facteurs associés à l’infection à Helicobacter pylori chez les adultes dyspeptiques naïfs de traitement à l’hôpital universitaire de Bénin, Benin City, Nigéria

1Odigie, A. N. *2Adewole, A. J., et 2Ekunwe, A. A.

1Conseil de gestion de l’hôpital d’État d’Edo, Benin City, Nigéria
2Département de médecine familiale, hôpital universitaire de Bénin, PMB 1111, Benin City, Nigéria

*Correspondance à: afolabi.adewole74@gmail.com; +2348037222755
Rectificatif à: Odigie et al. Afr. J. Clin. Exper. Microbiol. 2020; 21 (2): 97 – 105; https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v21i2.3

Dans leur article publié, les auteurs ont détecté des erreurs avec les initiales et l’adresse du premier auteur. Ces erreurs ont été corrigées le cas échéant.

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Corrigendum: Prevalence and factors associated with Helicobacter pylori infection among treatment naïve dyspeptic adults in University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria

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Microbiome: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and drug/xenobiotic interactions

Ojezele, M. O.

Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Delta State University, Nigeria Correspondence to: matlar2002@gmail.com, +2348033923332

Abstract:

The participation of microbiota in myriads of physiological, metabolic, genetic and immunological processes shows that they are a fundamental part of human existence and health maintenance. The efficiency of drugs’ absorption depends on solubility, stability, permeability and metabolic enzymes produced by the body and gut microbiota. Two major types of microbiota-drug interaction have been identified; direct and indirect. The use of antibiotics is a direct means of targeting intestinal microbes and short-term use of antibiotic can significantly alter the microbiome composition. It is noteworthy that not every microbial drug metabolism is of benefit to the host as some drugs can shut down microbial processes as observed in the co-administration of antiviral sorivudine with fluoropyridimide resulting in a toxic buildup of fluoropyridimide metabolites from blockade of host fluoropyridimide by the microbial-sorivudine metabolite. It has been reported that many classes of drugs and xenobiotics modify the gut microbiome composition which may be detrimental to human health. Microbiome-drug interaction may be beneficial or detrimental resulting in either treatment success or failure which is largely dependent on factors such as microbial enzymes, chemical composition of candidate drug, host immunity and the complex relationship that exists with the microbiome. The effects of microbiota on pharmacology of drugs and vice versa are discussed in this review.

Keywords: microbiome; pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, drug, xenobiotic

Received September 27, 2019; Revised November 30, 2019; Accepted December 3, 2019
Copyright 2020 AJCEM Open Access. This article is licensed and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attrition 4.0 International License (http://creativecommmons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided credit is given to the original author(s) and the source. Continue reading “Microbiome: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and drug/xenobiotic interactions”

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Serological evidence of association between Helicobacter pylori infection and coronary artery disease

1EL-Ageery, S. M., *1,4Gouda, N. S., 2Fawzy, I. M., 3Bahy-Eldeen, A., and 3Mahmoud, R.

1Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt

2Mansoura Central Laboratories, Clinical Pathology Department, Ministry of Health, Egypt

3Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt

4Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Northern Border University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

*Correspondence to: nawalsalama@gmail.com; 00966502933179

Abstract:

Background: Studies have reported relationship between chronic Helicobacter pylori infection and coronary artery disease (CAD). The cytotoxin-associated gene A product (CagA) is an immunodominant protein which indicates infection with virulent H. pylori strains. Significant associations of CagA-positive H. pylori strains with coronary artery disorders have been widely reported. H. pylori is also known to produce different heat shock proteins (HSPs) which can stimulate the production of specific antibody against microbial proteins and capable of eliciting autoimmune reaction against human tissue expressing HSPs such as vascular endothelial cells. The objectives of this study are to investigate the association between H. pylori and CagA with coronary atherosclerosis and CAD, and to determine the possible role of H. pylori HSP60 protein in increasing the risk of CAD development.

Methods: This study included 70 patients with stable angina and 70 age and gender-matched controls. Each group was evaluated by clinical history, physical examination, cardiac echocardiography (ECHO) and electrocardiography (ECG) with and without exercise. Fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglycerides (TG) were estimated by automated enzymatic methods. H. pylori IgG, CagA IgG and HSP60 IgG were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for both groups. Continue reading “Serological evidence of association between Helicobacter pylori infection and coronary artery disease”