Laboratory survey of extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing enterobacteriaceae in clinical infections among hospitalised patients at LAUTECH Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso, Nigeria

*Abayomi, S. A., Adegboro, B., and Taiwo, S. S.
Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology (LAUTECH) Teaching Hospital, PMB 4007, Ogbomoso, Nigeria *Correspondence to: subslaabayomi@gmail.com

Abstract:

Background: The extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing enterobacteriaceae are a major public health threat globally, causing both community and healthcare associated infections (HAIs). Due to multi-resistant nature of these strains, infections caused by them are associated with treatment failure, high mortality, and increased healthcare costs. This laboratory survey determined the prevalence of infections caused by ESBL-producing enterobacteriaceae in LAUTECH Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso Methodology: Over three years (January 2016 to December 2018), non-duplicate clinical samples (sputum, blood, urine, and wound swabs) collected from hospitalised patients with suspected clinical infections were routinely processed at microbiology laboratory of our hospital for aerobic culture and isolation of enterobacteriaceae. Antibiotic susceptibility of each isolate to routinely used antibiotics was determined by the disk diffusion method and ‘double disk’ synergy test was used to routinely confirm ESBL production. Demographic and clinical data were extracted from the requisition form. Results: Of the total 4,198 hospitalised patients over the three year period, 1,222 (29.1%) had clinical infections, out of which 689 (16.4%) were laboratory confirmed. Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from 343 patients (prevalence rate, 8.2%) while ESBL producers were isolated from 46 (prevalence rate, 1.1%). The most frequent enterobacteriaceae were Klebsiella spp (54.5%) and Escherichia coli (35.9%) recovered mainly from urinary tract infection (UTI, 45.2%), skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI, 27.9%) and lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI, 17.5%) but ESBL producers were frequently associated with osteomyelitis (50%), LRTI (18.3%) and SSTI (14.6%). The ESBL producers were all resistant to ampicillin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, cefepime, gentamicin, and ciprofloxacin but susceptible to imipenem. The non-ESBL producers were comparatively less resistant with 43.8%, 34.3%, 29%, 35%, 43%, 37%, and 4% resistant to ampicillin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, cefepime, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin and imipenem respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence of clinical infections among hospitalised patients in our facility is high but the rate of ESBL-producing enterobacteriaceae is relatively low. In spite of this, there is need for continuous surveillance of ESBL and other antibiotic resistant pathogens as part of the infection prevention and control (IPC) programme, with implementation of measures that will reduce the incidence of these infections in our hospital.

Keywords: Laboratory survey, hospitalised patients, ESBL, multidrug resistance
Received Sept 4, 2019; Revised September 20, 2019; Accepted September 21, 2019
Copyright 2020 AJCEM Open Access. This article is licensed and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attrition 4.0 International License (http://creativecommmons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided credit is given to the original author(s) and the source.
Enquête de laboratoire sur les entérobactéries productrices de bêta-lactamases à spectre étendu lors d’infections cliniques chez des patients hospitalisés à l’hôpital universitaire LAUTECH, à Ogbomoso, au Nigéria
*Abayomi, S. A., Adegboro, B., et Taiwo, S. S.

Laboratory survey of ESBL-producing enterobacteriaceae Afr. J. Clin. Exper. Microbiol. 2020; 21(1): 66-71

Département de microbiologie médicale et de parasitologie, Hôpital universitaire de l’Université technique de Ladoke Akintola (LAUTECH), PMB 4007, Ogbomoso, Nigéria *Correspondance à: subslaabayomi@gmail.com

Abstrait:
Contexte: Les entérobactéries productrices de bêta-lactamase à spectre étendu (BLSE) constituent une menace majeure pour la santé publique dans le monde, provoquant à la fois des infections dans la communauté et des infections associées aux soins de santé. En raison de la nature multirésistante de ces souches, les infections qu’elles provoquent sont associées à un échec du traitement, à une mortalité élevée et à une augmentation des coûts de soins de santé. Cette enquête en laboratoire a permis de déterminer la prévalence d’infections causées par des entérobactéries productrices de BLSE à l’hôpital universitaire LAUTECH, à Ogbomoso. Méthodologie: Sur trois ans (janvier 2016 à décembre 2018), des échantillons cliniques non dupliqués (expectorations, sang, urine, et plaies oreilles) prélevés chez des patients hospitalisés présentant des suspicions d’infections cliniques ont été systématiquement traités dans le laboratoire de microbiologie de notre hôpital pour culture aérobie et isolement d’entérobactériacées. La sensibilité aux antibiotiques de chaque isolat aux antibiotiques utilisés en routine a été déterminée par la méthode de diffusion sur disque et un test de synergie «double disque» a été utilisé pour confirmer en routine la production de BLSE. Les données démographiques et cliniques ont été extraites du formulaire de demande. Résultats: Sur un total de 4198 patients hospitalisés au cours de la période de trois ans, 1222 (29,1%) ont présenté une infection clinique, dont 689 (16,4%) ont été confirmés en laboratoire. Des entérobactéries ont été isolées chez 343 patients (taux de prévalence de 8,2%), tandis que les producteurs de BLSE ont été isolés chez 46 patients (taux de prévalence de 1,1%). Les entérobactériacées les plus fréquentes étaient Klebsiella spp (54,5%) et Escherichia coli (35,9%) principalement dues à une infection des voies urinaires (UTI, 45,2%), une infection de la peau et des tissus mous (SSTI, 27,9%) et des voies respiratoires inférieures (LRTI, 17,5%), mais les producteurs de BLSE étaient fréquemment associés à l’ostéomyélite (50%), au LRTI (18,3%) et au SSTI (14,6%). Les producteurs de BLSE étaient tous résistants à l’ampicilline, au céfotaxime, à la ceftazidime, au céfépime, à la gentamicine et à la ciprofloxacine, mais sensibles à l’imipénem. Les producteurs non BLSE étaient comparativement moins résistants, avec respectivement 43,8%, 34,3%, 29%, 35%, 43%, 37% et 4% de résistance à l’ampicilline, au céfotaxime, au ceftazidime, au céfépime, à la gentamicine, à la ciprofloxacine et à l’imipénème. Conclusion: La prévalence d’infections cliniques chez les patients hospitalisés dans notre établissement est élevée mais le taux d’entérobactéries productrices de BLSE est relativement faible. Malgré cela, il est nécessaire de surveiller en permanence les BLSE et les autres agents pathogènes résistants aux antibiotiques dans le cadre du programme de prévention et de contrôle des infections (IPC), avec la mise en oeuvre de mesures permettant de réduire l’incidence de ces infections dans notre hôpital.

Mots clés: Enquête de laboratoire, patients hospitalisés, BLSE, résistance, multiple aux médicaments

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Laboratory survey of extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing enterobacteriaceae in clinical infections among hospitalised patients at LAUTECH Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso, Nigeria

Candida species: the silent enemy

1*Al-Laaeiby, A., 2Ali, S., and 3Al-Saadoon, A. H.
1Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Basrah, Iraq
2Department of Nursing Clinical Sciences, College of Nursing, University of Kirkuk, Iraq
3Department of Pathological analyses, College of Science, University of Basrah, Iraq
*Correspondence to: ayat200022@yahoo.com

Abstract:
Candida species are known to cause serious infections in immunocompromised patients but uncommon cases have been reported in immunocompetent individuals regardless of the harmless co-existence of the fungi with the host. Recently, the incidence rate of candidiasis has increased dramatically alongside the emergence of antifungal resistance. Although conventional methods to ensure prompt diagnosis of candidiasis for effective therapy have been established, the scientific world is witnessing progress in the development of more accurate, timely and cost-effective methods that is coinciding with the molecular revolution and advanced DNA analysis. Moreover, the challenges of resistance of Candida to available antifungal agents are being met with the deployment of molecular techniques to investigate the mechanisms of resistance. This review is an attempt to provide up-to-date information on the persistent problems of Candida with highlights on the clinical importance, molecular diagnosis, and resistance to candidate antifungal drugs; azoles and echinocandins.

Keywords: Candida, resistance, molecular diagnosis, azole, echinocandin

Received April 1, 2019; Revised May 13, 2019; Accepted May 30, 2019
Copyright 2019 AJCEM Open Access. This article is licensed and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attrition 4.0 International License (http://creativecommmons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided credit is given to the original author(s) and the source.

Espèce Candida: l’ennemi silencieux
1*Al-Laaeiby, A., 2Ali, S., et 3Al-Saadoon, A. H.
1Département de biologie, Collège des sciences, Université de Basrah, Irak
2Département de sciences cliniques infirmières, Collège des sciences infirmières, Université de Kirkuk, Irak
3Département de Pathological analyses, Collège des sciences, Université de Basrah, Irak *Correspondance à: ayat200022@yahoo.com

Abstrait:
Les espèces de Candida sont connues pour causer des infections graves chez les patients immunodéprimés, mais des cas peu communs ont été rapportés chez des individus immunocompétents, indépendamment de la coexistence inoffensive des champignons avec l’hôte. Récemment, le taux d’incidence de la candidose a considérablement augmenté parallèlement à l’émergence d’une résistance antifongique. Bien que les méthodes conventionnelles permettant d’assurer un diagnostic rapide de la candidose en vue d’un traitement efficace aient été établies, le monde scientifique constate des progrès dans la mise au point de méthodes plus précises, plus rapides et plus rentables qui coïncident avec la révolution moléculaire et l’analyse avancée de l’ADN. De plus, les défis posés par la résistance de Candida aux agents antifongiques disponibles sont résolus par le déploiement de techniques moléculaires pour étudier les mécanismes de résistance. Cette revue tente de fournir des informations à jour sur les problèmes persistants de Candida en soulignant l’importance clinique, le diagnostic moléculaire et la résistance aux antifongiques candidats; les azoles et les echinocandins.

Mots-clés: Candida, résistance, diagnostic moléculaire, azole, echinocandine

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Candida species the silent enemy

 

A survey on urinary tract infection associated with two most common uropathogenic bacteria

R.O. Okojie, V.O. Omorokpe

 

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by the uropathogens – Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae among outpatients attending a hospital in Benin and the  antibiotic susceptibility pattern of both isolates. Mid-stream urine samples were collected from 96 patients, analysed microscopically and streaked on the surface of prepared plates of blood and MacConkey Agar. Isolates resulting from incubated plates were identified by standard microbiological techniques. Susceptibility testing was done using the disk diffusion  technique on Mueller Hinton Agar. The prevalence of UTI was 22.9%. It was significantly more prevalent in females (30.6%) than males (8.8%) (p < 0.05) and in age group 31 – 40 years (45.5%). Escherichia coli was the most commonly isolated and more prevalent (14.6%) followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (5.2%). High level resistance (100%) to amoxycillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin and ceftazidime was observed among the isolates. The active drugs against the bacteria were nitrofurantoin, ofloxacin and imipenem. Routine diagnostic procedure/screening is necessary to avoid complications.

Keywords: Infection, prevalence, resistance, uropathogens.

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Public health implications of Salmonella species contamination of naira notes obtained from butchers in Abakaliki meat market, Ebonyi state

Status of resistance to antimicrobial agents of Staphylococcus aureus strains at the laboratory of microbiology of the HU-JRA Antananarivo

A.M. Andrianarivelo, T.H. Andriamandimbisoa, L.M. Rakotondraoelina, A.B.A. Ratsimbazafy, F.E. Razafimanantsoa, A.A. Raharisoa, C Rafalimanana, A Rasamindrakotroka

 

Abstract

Introduction: On contact of antibiotics, S. aureus has gradually acquired multiple antibiotic resistances, including the methicillin (MRSA) and without lose its virulence. The aim of the present study was to report the evolution of resistance of S. aureus to different common antibiotics and to determine the antibiotics active against MRSA.

Materials and methods: This is a retrospective and descriptive study for 10 years from January 2005 to December 2014 at the Laboratory of Microbiology of the HU-JRA Antananarivo, the biggest academic hospital located in the capital of Madagascar. All demands for standard bacteriological examination were registered in the laboratory for various bacteriological exams or from samples taken from hospitalized patients and we included all positive cultures for S. aureus. The variables selected and used for the study were community or nosocomial sources of patients and results of susceptibility testing.

Results: A total of 906 results from 282 (31.12%) community-acquired and 624 (68.88%) nosocomial infections were studied an average of 100±25strains by year of study. Overall, the prevalence of MRSA was 13.83% (39 of 282 isolates)for community-acquired strains, and 15.70% (98 of 624) for nosocomial infections (p> 0.05)with a total of 29.53%. Resistance rate to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was significantly higher in nosocomial infection than in community-acquired. No significant difference was observed in other antibiotics. Of the 137 MRSA, except vancomycin, fusidic acid is the antibiotic that worked the most in 114 cases (83.21%) followed by gentamicin in 96 cases (70.07%). Apart from ciprofloxacin and tetracycline that we have noticed an increase in resistance rates in 2012 and 2013, almost all antibiotics tested have a stable rate of resistance.

Conclusion: The antibiotics tested showed extremely high rates of resistance and that the problem of antibiotic resistance in S. aureus is effective in our center.

Keywords: Resistance, antibiotics, S. aureus , HU-JRA ,Antananarivo

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Status of resistance to antimicrobial agents of Staphylococcus aureus strains at the laboratory of microbiology of the HU-JRA Antananarivo

Prevalence and antibiotics susceptibility profile of Enterococcus spp. Isolated from some hospitals in Abuja, Nigeria

J.C. Ndubuisi, O.S. Olonitola, A.T. Olayinka, E.D. Jatau, K.C. Iregbu

 

Abstract

This study investigated the prevalence and antibiotics susceptibility of Enterococcus spp. isolated from patients and some selected hospital environment in Abuja, Nigeria. The samples included clinical and environmental. The clinical samples included stool, urine and wound swabs while the environmental samples included swabs samples taken from the health care givers hands, floor, beds, door handle, BP cuff, stethoscope, sink, toilet seats. The samples were cultured on bile aesculinazide agar and the isolates were identified with microgen test kit. The enterococcal strains isolated include Enterococcus faecalisEnterococcus faeciumEnterococcus mundtii, Enterococcus gallinarum,Enterococcus casseliflavusEnterococcus disparEnterococcoushirae and Enterococcus avium. The susceptibility testing was done with vancomycin, teicoplanin, gentamicin, streptomycin, linezolid, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, doxycycline, nitrofurantoin, erythromycin and rifampin. More than 50% of the isolates were resistant to erythromycin, rifampin and doxycycline. E-test M.I.C confirmed 12 out of 34 strains to be intermediately resistant to vancomycin. Enterococcus faeciumand Enterococcus mundtii exhibited more resistance than Enterococcus faecalis.

Keyword: Enterococcus spp., samples, Isolates, Hospitals, susceptibility, resistance, vancomycin

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Prevalence and antibiotics susceptibility profile of Enterococcus spp. Isolated from some hospitals in Abuja, Nigeria

Determination of the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of extended spectrum beta lactamase (esbl) producing and the non-esbl producing strains of Escherichia coli

Y Mohammed, GB Gadzama, SB Zailani, AA Abubakar, MM Dalhat, BS Ibrahim, AA Olufemi, U Bajoga, P Nguku

 

Abstract

Background: The extended spectrum beta lactamases producing bacteria are bacteria of great concern among Gram negative bacilli. Escherichia coli stand out as major carrier of this enzyme. The appropriate control of this resistance pattern depends on using the antimicrobial regimen of best choice. Therefore the value of the susceptibility profile of organism harboring this enzyme cannot be overemphasized.

Objectives: To determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBL) producing and the non-ESBL producing strains of Escherichia coli from clinical isolates of Escherichia coli in University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital.

Methodology: Confirmed variants of Escherichia coli were screened and confirmed for ESBL possession. Subsequently, modified Kirby Bauer method was utilized to test for antibiotic susceptibility using the commercially available Oxoid single disc for some major antibiotics.

Results: A total of 172 strains of Escherichia coli were identified during the study period. Out of this number; 131 were identified as ESBL positive while a total of 41 were ESBL negative. The highest sensitivity for both the ESBL positive and ESBL negative strains of Escherichia coliwas observed with Imipenem followed closely by Gentamicin.

Conclusion: The study reveals narrow choice of antibiotics for the ESBL positive isolates of Escherichia coli although Imipenem antibiotic still retains its sensitivity.

Keywords: Cephalosporins, Resistance, Maiduguri, Nigeria

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Determination of the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of extended spectrum beta lactamase (esbl) producing and the non-esbl producing strains of Esche

In vitro surveillance of drug resistant falciparum malaria in north central Nigeria

T.F Ikpa, J.A Ajayi, G.N Imandeh, J.I Usar

 

Abstract

Background: drug resistant malaria is spreading inexorably to areas with drug sensitive malaria parasites. This study compared the in vitro sensitivities of Plasmodium falciparum fresh parasite isolates, to some standard antimalarial drugs, in Makurdi and Masaka located over 300 km apart, in north central Nigeria. Methods: The in vitro responses of P. falciparum isolates; 43 and 39 in Makurdi and Masaka were evaluated by the standard schizonts growth inhibition assay in children aged 2-14 years. Results: The geometric mean effective concentration-EC50, EC90 and EC99 of quinine between Makurdi and Masaka differed significantly (P < 0.05). A similar difference (P < 0.05), was observed with the artesunate antimalarial at EC90 and EC99 levels, but not at EC50. No significant difference (P > 0.05) was observed in the EC values of amodiaquine between the two locations. 5.13 % (2/39) of parasites at Masaka were in vitro resistant to amodiaquine with EC50 > 80 nM. The rest of the isolates were sensitive to the three antimalarial drugs at both locations. Conclusion: The results demonstrated low in vitro resistance of P. falciparum to amodiaquine in the region. Constant monitoring and intervention is needed to curtail the spread of resistance to antimalarials in Nigeria.

KEY WORDS: Plasmodium falciparum, Resistance, Antimalarials, Nigeria.

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In vitro surveillance of drug resistant falciparum malaria in north central Nigeria

In vitro Phenotypic Antibiotic Susceptibility Profiles Of Food Indicator Bacteria Isolated From Home-Made Oral Rehydration Solutions In Nigeria

AAO Ogunshe, IL Amusan, AO Oyediran

 

Abstract

One thousand and ten bacterial isolates from ORS constituents characterised as Bacillus cereus var. mycoides, Bacillus subtilis, Citrobacter sp., Clostridium perfringes, Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Morganella morganii, Proteus mirabilis, P. vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Shigella dysentariae, Staphylococcus aureus and Vibrio cholerae were screened for their in vitro antibiotic susceptibility profiles using the agar discs and agar well-diffusion methods. The Gram-negative bacteria from granulated sugar samples had 7.69% phenotypic resistance profiles while the Gram-negative bacteria from table salt samples had between 13.3% and 20.0% resistance profiles. The resistance profiles of Gram-positive bacteria from granulated sugar samples was between 8.0% and 19.0% while the Gram-positive bacteria from table salt samples had between 11.0% and 27.9 % resistance profiles towards the test antibiotic (discs). The bacterial isolates from granulated sugar exhibited resistance of between 36.4% in ampicillin + cloxacillin and 64.9% in metronidazole. while the bacterial isolates from table salt gave an overall resistance of 41.0% – 64.7% towards the twenty-eight test oral paediatric antibiotic suspensions All the bacterial isolates from the table salt and granulated sugar samples displayed multiple resistance to the test paediatric antibiotics, except Ps. aeruginosa SA12, Shigella dysenteriae SA16C, SA16D, E. aerogenes SA18A, SA18AE and E. coli SA22A which recorded no (0.0%) resistance to all the test paediatric antibiotics.

Keywords: antibiotics, In vitro, ORS, paediatric, resistance, susceptibility

African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology Vol. 9 (2) 2008 pp. 69-77

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