Ekong, M. O., Agbiji, N. N., *Ekpenyong, G. M., and Nnaji, G. C.
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Cross River State (UNICROSS), Calabar, Nigeria *Correspondence to: glorymaurice25@gmail.com
Abstract:
The role of the microbiome in modulating immune responses has garnered significant attention in cancer research, particularly in the context of immune checkpoint mechanisms. The microbiome influences the tumor micro- environment (TME) and the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) by shaping immune cell function and responses. Immune checkpoints, such as PD-1, PD-L1, LAG-3, and CTLA-4, are critical in regulating immune tolerance and preventing excessive immune activation. However, in cancer, these checkpoints often suppress anti-tumor immunity, contributing to tumor immune evasion and therapeutic resistance. Emerging evidence suggests that the microbiome plays a pivotal role in regulating these checkpoints, enhancing or inhibiting the effectiveness of ICIs. Studies have shown that a balanced microbiome can promote a more favorable immune response, while dysbiosis may lead to increased inflammation and tumor progression. Additionally, the combination of microbiome modulation through probiotics, prebiotics, or dietary interventions, with immune checkpoint blockade has shown potential in overcoming resistance mechanisms and improving treatment outcomes. This comprehensive review explores the complex relationship between the microbiome and immune checkpoint mechanisms, highlighting how microbiome composition impacts immune checkpoint expression and function in cancer. It also discusses the therapeutic potential of microbiome-based interventions in conjunction with ICI therapies, emphasizing the need for further research to fully understand these interactions. Integrating microbiome science with cancer immunotherapy holds the promise of more effective, personalized treatment strategies that could improve patient outcomes and survival rates across various cancer types.
Keywords: Microbiome, immune checkpoint inhibitors, cancer progression, tumor microenvironment.
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